Nanoaesthetics: From the Molecular to the Machine

2012 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tami I. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Machines ◽  
Molecular Switches ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Mechanistic Philosophy ◽  
Machine Aesthetics ◽  
Relationship Of

Rooted in the history of the representation of benzene, this paper examines the evolution of nanoaesthetics from the 1985 discovery of buckminsterfullerene forward, including the aesthetics of molecular machines and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). It highlights buckminsterfullerene's Platonic aesthetics, the aesthetic relationship of nanocars and molecular switches to Boyle's seventeenth-century mechanistic philosophy and twentieth-century machine aesthetics, and the photographic aesthetics of SPM.

ARISTOTELIANISM, DESCARTES, AND HOBBES

2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 449-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The historiography of early modern Aristotelian philosophy and its relationship with its seventeenth-century critics, such as Hobbes and Descartes, has expanded in recent years. This article explores the dynamics of this project, focusing on a tendency to complicate and divide up the category of Aristotelianism into multiple ‘Aristotelianisms’, and the significance of this move for attempts to write a contextual history of the relationship of Hobbes and Descartes to their Aristotelian contemporaries and predecessors. In particular, it considers recent work on Cartesian and Hobbesian natural philosophy, and the ways in which historians have related the different forms of early modern Aristotelianism to the projects of the novatores.

Investigations of Electromigration Failure by Electrical Measurement and Scanning Probe Microscopy With Additional Simulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Fabricius ◽  
Volkmar Breternitz ◽  
Christian Knedlik ◽  
Andreas Henning ◽  
Eckhard Liebscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Electrical Measurement ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Exact Measurement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Complete History

AbstractA set of 10, 5 and 2 µm wide, 500 µm long and 0.7 µm thick Al/Si/Cu-lines (1% Si, 0.5% Cu) was investigated under different stress conditions. Typical stress conditions were current densities of 2 to 6 MA/cm2 and ambient temperatures of 125 to 225°C. For additional mathematical simulation it was important to observe the complete history of the resistance development from the beginning until the break down of the samples. Depending on the line width a number of different resistance developments and times to failure occured. Especially at smaller line widths, i. e. near to bamboo structures, the differences of the resistance development and times to failure are wide-ranging. This fact must be taken into acount for the simulation. Furthermore unpassivated samples were used to enable investigations of the structures by SEM and SPM. Measurements of the size of hillocks and voids has been carried out by AFM. Thereby twin-crystals were observed. This fact indicates that there are special strains, which could be estimated.Another aspect of investigations was the exact measurement of the temperature in the break down area. For that purpose a special test structure with diodes underneath the stressed line was developed. These diodes are used to deduce local temperatures.

Re-entangling the Thermometer: Cornelis Drebbel’s Description of his Self-regulating Oven, the Regiment of Fire, and the Early History of Temperature

Nuncius ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Keller
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Feedback Control ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Early History ◽  
Scientific Instrument ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

A new, illustrated source, “Drebbel’s Description of his Circulating Oven,” sheds light on the thermostatic oven of Cornelis Drebbel (1572-1633), a Dutch alchemist, engineer, and philosopher active in Holland, Zeeland, London and Prague. The “Description” survives in two German copies. It describes two new inventions, a “Judicium” (which we might call a thermometer) and a “Regimen” (which we might call a feedback control mechanism). It thus engages longstanding debates concerning the invention of the thermometer. More fundamentally, it engages the relationship of artisanality and philosophy. The “Description” highlights the entangled origins of both instruments, which emerged through combined concerns of alchemy, engineering, philosophy, and natural magic. In the early seventeenth century, the term “thermometer” indicated an object with a more expansive role than it later would. The later emergence of a distinct scientific instrument industry, separating previously entangled roles, has colored subsequent views of such instruments and their makers.

scholarly journals Inspecting Surfaces With a Sharp Stick: Scanning Probe Microscopy - Past, Present, and Future

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Paul West
Keyword(s):  
Surface Science ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Probe Microscopy ◽  
Science Laboratories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Laboratory Tool

With the growing emphasis on nanotechnology, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is emerging from the surface science laboratories and becoming a mainstream inspection and metrology tool along side optical and SEM microscopes. Scanning probe instrumentation and applications evolved dramatically during the past quarter-century (Table I). By 1998 SPM-related papers were being published at the rateof nearly 5000 per year Here we review the history of scanning probe microscopy, describe its current role as a critical enabler in nanotechnology, discuss why it has become a routine laboratory tool, and present a view of future directions for this advanced technology.

Middle and Old Arabic Material for the History of Stress in Arabic

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Balu
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Additional Material ◽  
Secondary Origin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arabic Dialects ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Classical Arabic

The scholastic investigation of stress in Arabic starts with Lambert's pioneering article in 1897. Lambert demonstrated that the accepted stress of Classical Arabic is not based on genuine tradition, but was formulated at the beginning of the seventeenth century by Erpenius, who was influenced by the (Syrian–) Lebanese pronunciation of Classical Arabic. Recognizing the secondary origin of the traditional stress in Classical Arabic, Lambert established the relationship of stress in Classical Arabic to that of the various Arabic dialects on an entirely new basis. He himself emphasized the originality of stress as it is preserved in the Maghribī dialects (ibid., 409).3 In 1907 the first fascicle of Brockelmann's monumental Grundriss appeared, in which (pp. 82 ff.) Brockel-mann advocated the originality of the traditional accentuation in Classical Arabic, as generally preserved in the Syrian-Lebanese dialects. In 1908, Kampffmeyer reached the conclusion that the system of stress in the Maghribī dialects is more original than that of the Syrian-Lebanese group. However, since he published only the first part of his Untersuchungen, he dealt only with the stress in Spanish Arabic and the Moroccan (pp. 7–58), in addition to his results (pp. 1–7) contained in his brief introduction. A short synopsis of his views, with additional material, is included in Kampffmeyer, EI. An important review of the stress in Arabic (pp. 35–41) is contained in Sarauw. Despite the late appearance of his work (1939), he had almost completed it at the time of his sudden death in 1925. Moreover, the main body of his treatise had been composed as early as 1908 (cf. p. 3), the same year in which Kampffmeyer claimed the originality of the Western (Maghribī) stress.

The Relationship of Calligraphy and Painting to Literature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Egan
Keyword(s):  
Formative Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Composite Form ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Literary Composition ◽  
Verbal Imagery ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Aesthetic Values ◽  
Rich History

Calligraphy and painting have a long and rich history of association with literary composition, especially poetry. These three “arts of the brush” share not just materials and tools of production but also a critical vocabulary and certain aesthetic ideals. The pronounced attention in the early history of each art to the world of nature as a source of verbal imagery, subject matter, and even graphic design bound these arts together in the formative stage of theoretical writings about each. As the practice of these arts matured in medieval times, it became common for them to appear together in a single, composite work: a painting inscribed with a poem, written as a calligraphic display. This composite form became a hallmark of Chinese visual and literary culture. Thus even when they were used separately, the aesthetic values of the others often remained in the minds of the poet-artist and reader or viewer.

Germanium Nanostructures on Silicon Observed by Scanning Probe Microscopy

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 484-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Tomitori ◽  
Toyoko Arai
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Probe Microscopy ◽  
History Of

AbstractScanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy have been used to observe germanium growth on Si(001) and Si(111). The atomically resolved images provide invaluable information on heteroepitaxial film growth from the viewpoints of both industrial application and basic science. We briefly review the history of characterizing heteroepitaxial elemental semiconductor systems by means of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), where the Stranski–Krastanov growth mode can be observed on the atomic scale:the detailed phase transition from layer-by-layer growth to three-dimensional cluster growth was elucidated by the use of SPM. In addition, we comment on the potential of SPM for examining the spectroscopic aspects of heteroepitaxial film growth, through the use of SPM tips with well-defined facets.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Imaging molecules adsorbed onto electrodes under potential control by scanning probe microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 376-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Tao ◽  
J.A. DeRose ◽  
P.I. Oden ◽  
S.M. Lindsay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Charge ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Scanning Probe Microscopy ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Electrochemical Methods ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Potential Control ◽  
Afm Imaging ◽  
Special Circumstances

Clemmer and Beebe have pointed out that surface structures on graphite substrates can be misinterpreted as biopolymer images in STM experiments. We have been using electrochemical methods to react DNA fragments onto gold electrodes for STM and AFM imaging. The adsorbates produced in this way are only homogeneous in special circumstances. Searching an inhomogeneous substrate for ‘desired’ images limits the value of the data. Here, we report on a reversible method for imaging adsorbates. The molecules can be lifted onto and off the substrate during imaging. This leaves no doubt about the validity or statistical significance of the images. Furthermore, environmental effects (such as changes in electrolyte or surface charge) can be investigated easily.

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