Absolute Pitch and Relative Pitch in Music Students in the East and the West

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken'ichi Miyazaki ◽  
Andrzej Rakowski ◽  
Sylwia Makomaska ◽  
Cong Jiang ◽  
Minoru Tsuzaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Music Students ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Japanese Students ◽  
Relative Pitch ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Musical Context

Absolute pitch (AP)—an ability to identify an isolated pitch without musical context—is commonly believed to be a valuable ability for musicians. However, relative pitch (RP)—an ability to perceive pitch relations—is more important in most musical contexts. In this study, music students in East Asian and Western countries (Japan, China, Poland, Germany, and USA) were tested on AP and RP abilities. In the AP test, 60 single tones were presented in a quasirandom order over a five-octave range. In the RP test, ascending musical intervals from 1 to 11 semitones were presented in four different keys. Participants wrote down note names in the AP test and scale-degree names or musical interval names in the RP test. The conservatory-level Japanese students showed the highest AP performance and more than half of them were classified as accurate AP possessors, but only 10% were classified as accurate RP possessors. In contrast, only a small percentage of participants from Poland, Germany, and the USA were identified as accurate AP possessors, whereas many more were accurate RP possessors. Participants from China were typically intermediate on both measures. These noticeable contrasts between AP and RP performance in different countries suggest influences of the underlying socio-cultural conditions, presumably relating to music education. Given the importance of RP in music, the results suggest that more emphasis should be place on RP training, particularly in East Asian countries.

East Asian Machinery-Building Cluster

2014 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
V. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Telecommunications Industry ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Technological Level ◽  
Machinery Building

The article considers features of the East Asian machinery-building cluster. It differs from the older machinery-building clusters in West Europe and North America primarily. The share of intermediate goods in the imports of the East Asian countries is higher than the share of such goods in their exports. This results from prevalence of the assembly manufactures in their industry. The international supply chains of the region are described as follows: manufacturing parts and components in the countries of East and South-East Asia – assembly in China – exports to USA, Europe and Japan. The changes in the structure of the international supply chains in 2007–2011 are shown in the case of telecommunications industry. It is established that the structure of the telecommunications imports of the USA has changed in favor of China. The technological level of the telecommunications equipment exported from China enhanced significantly. The share of parts and components in China’s telecommunications exports increased. Imports of telecommunications equipment from Japan to USA diminished whereas its delivery from China to Japan more than doubled. This points to reduction of the role of Japan as the supplier of telecommunications equipment in the world scale.

The economic impact of a rise in US trade protectionism on East Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inkyo Cheong ◽  
Jose Tongzon
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
East Asian Country ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Asean Countries

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the economic impact of a rising US trade protectionism on the economies of China, Japan, South Korea and the ASEAN countries and draw out some policy and strategic implications for the USA and East Asia. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ a computable general equilibrium approach supplemented with qualitative analyses based on empirical evidence. Findings An increase in US import tariffs would result in economic losses for the USA and the corresponding country or region to which the import tariff increase is applied. An increase in US import tariffs for Chinese goods alone would not have any spillover effects on other East Asian countries. But, an imposition of a border adjustment tax (BAT) for all countries and for all products would actually boost US economic growth. Advanced economies would enjoy GDP increases, but China, Korea and the ASEAN countries would face an economic loss in a longer term period, although they would enjoy some growth in the short term. However, when the BAT only applies to a specific East Asian country, USA would suffer an economic loss, with the exception of a BAT specifically targeted at the ASEAN countries. ASEAN countries would not experience any economic loss under all scenarios except in the case of import tariffs specifically targeted at ASEAN. Research limitations/implications From the US perspective, it is beneficial to adopt a BAT for all countries and across the board. Under this arrangement, there would be an economic loss for China, Korea and the ASEAN countries in the longer term. An increase in US trade protectionism would only push the East Asian countries towards deeper economic integration, with serious implications for global pattern of trade and investment. Originality/value The existing literature on the likely economic impact of US trade protectionism on East Asia is very scarce and based on surveys and subjective speculations. This study uses a quantitative method based on empirical evidence.

Absolute pitch: Myths, evidence and relevance to music education and performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 890-901
Author(s):  
Jill Carden ◽  
Tony Cline
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Music Students ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
Scientific Curiosity ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Perfect Pitch

The assumed extreme rarity of absolute pitch (AP), sometimes known as “perfect pitch”, is not supported by empirical evidence. Instead, studies indicate a prevalence of at least 4% for music students, making AP of potential importance to everyday music education. Considerable scientific curiosity about AP exists, though rarely have research findings been practically applied to music education. This review looks at the evidence of the origins of AP and of the distinct neurological, language and cognitive features of possessors, and considers the relevance of these to music students. The absence of systematically gathered data from those with AP about their experiences is discussed, and implications for the educational needs of this group considered.

Perception of Musical Intervals by Absolute Pitch Possessors

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken'ichi Miyazaki
Keyword(s):  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Identification Performance ◽  
Pitch Processing ◽  
Pitch Class ◽  
Relative Pitch ◽  
Musical Pitch ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Musical Context ◽  
The Sacrifice

Previous studies have demonstrated that absolute pitch (AP) possessors can directly perceive the musical pitch quality (pitch class) of a tone presented in isolation. However, an isolated tone without musical context has no relevance to music, and AP ability should be examined in musically meaningful situations. In this study, AP possessors tried to identify the musical intervals between pairs of successive tones. The first tone (a reference) was either in-tune C according to the conventional pitch standard or out-of-tune C (a quarter-tone higher than standard C). The identification performance was less accurate and slower in the out-of-tune reference condition than in the in-tune condition. In contrast, AP nonpossessors showed no significant difference in performance in the two conditions, as predicted by the principle of equality under transposition. These results suggest that AP subjects tend to adhere to AP in relative pitch tasks, and that at least some AP listeners may have developed a strong dependence on AP at the sacrifice of relative pitch. AP may not have any advantage in music, in which relative pitch, not AP, is essential. Rather, AP may conflict with relative pitch and, in some cases, harm musical pitch processing.

scholarly journals An Analytical Evidences of Indo-Us Relationship with Reference to India‟s Act-East Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 10283-10288
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
East Indian ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Present Trend ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Advancement ◽  
Indian Foreign Policy

India and the USA are having an unprecedented warmness in their relationship presently. After all the hindrances and hiccups, the two largest Democracies are finally engaged optimally in economic and trade activities. Simultaneously, India is also developing fruitful relationship with East Asian countries and the present government has evolved the Indian foreign policy from “Look East “to “Act East”. However, this Act east policy need not to be seen in isolation and it has to be seen as a strategic alliance between India, USA, and east Asian countries to neutralize the strategically and economic advancement of China as the global economic superpower. This closeness is unprecedented, however it should not be subjected to the sovereignty of the Indian foreign policy and India should remain Non-aligned as it has reaped humongous benefits by being non-partisan. This paper is aimed to highlight the India’s Act East policy and trade relations between the countries. So it is needed to analyze the present trend in the Indian trade with East Indian countries.

Exchange rate volatility and exports from East Asian countries to Japan and the USA

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 947-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saang Joon Baak ◽  
M. A. Al-Mahmood ◽  
S. Vixathep
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Usa

scholarly journals India’s Act-East Policy- A Critical Evidences

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1846-1851
Author(s):  
Dr. Mini Jain Et. al.
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Economic Advancement ◽  
Indian Foreign Policy

India and the USA are having an unprecedented warmness in their relationship presently. After all the hindrances and hiccups, the two largest Democracies are finally engaged optimally in economic and trade activities. Simultaneously, India is also developing fruitful relationship with East Asian countries and the present government has evolved the Indian foreign policy from “Look East “to “Act East”. However, this Act east policy need not to be seen in isolation and it has to be seen as a strategic alliance between India, USA, and east Asian countries to neutralize the strategically and economic advancement of China as the global economic superpower. This closeness is unprecedented, however it should not be subjected to the sovereignty of the Indian foreign policy and India should remain Non-aligned as it has reaped humongous benefits by being non-partisan.

Absolute Pitch and Its Frequency Range

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Rakowski ◽  
Piotr Rogowski
Keyword(s):  
Single Case ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Absolute Pitch ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Music Students ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Musical Scale ◽  
Loudness Level ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Upper Boundary

AbstractThis paper has two distinct parts. Section 1 includes general discussion of the phenomenon of "absolute pitch" (AP), and presentation of various concepts concerning definitions of "full", "partial" and "pseudo" AP. Sections 2-4 include presentation of the experiment concerning frequency range in which absolute pitch appears, and discussion of the experimental results. The experiment was performed with participation of 9 AP experts selected from the population of 250 music students as best scoring in the pitch-naming piano-tone screening tests. Each subject had to recognize chromas of 108 pure tones representing the chromatic musical scale of nine octaves from E0 to D#9. The series of 108 tones was presented to each subject 60 times in random order, diotically, with loudness level about 65 phon. Percentage of correct recognitions (PC) for each tone was computed. The frequency range for the existence of absolute pitch in pure tones, perceived by sensitive AP possessors stretches usually over 5 octaves from about 130.6 Hz (C3) to about 3.951 Hz (B7). However, it was noted that in a single case, the upper boundary of AP was 9.397 Hz (D9). The split-halves method was applied to estimate the reliability of the obtained results.

Creativity in East Asian Countries

Asia Review ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Cheong-Tag Kim
Keyword(s):  
East Asian ◽  
Asian Countries
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