Perception and Familiarity of Diatonic Modes

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Tan ◽  
David Temperley
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Formal Knowledge ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Strong Main Effect

In a prior study (Temperley & Tan, 2013), participants rated the “happiness” of melodies in different diatonic modes. A strong pattern was found, with happiness decreasing as scale steps were lowered. We wondered: Does this pattern reflect the familiarity of diatonic modes? The current study examines familiarity directly. In the experiments reported here, college students without formal music training heard a series of melodies, each with a three-measure beginning (“context”) in a diatonic mode and a one-measure ending that was either in the context mode or in a mode that differed from the context by one scale degree. Melodies were constructed using four pairs of modes with the same tonic: Lydian/Ionian, Ionian/Mixolydian, Dorian/Aeolian, and Aeolian/Phrygian. Participants rated how well the ending “fit” the context. Two questions were of interest: (1) Do listeners give higher ratings to some modes (as endings) overall? (2) Do listeners give a higher rating to the ending if its mode matches that of the context? The results show a strong main effect of ending, with Ionian (major) and Aeolian (natural minor) as the most familiar (highly rated) modes. This aligns well with corpus data representing the frequency of different modes in popular music. There was also a significant interaction between ending and context, whereby listeners rated an ending higher if its mode matched the context. Our findings suggest that (1) our earlier “happiness” results cannot be attributed to familiarity alone, and (2) listeners without formal knowledge of diatonic modes are able to internalize diatonic modal frameworks.

Dance Experiences Associated with Body-Image and Personality among College Students: A Comparison of Dancers and Nondancers

1993 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally A. Radell ◽  
Daniel D. Adame ◽  
Thomas C. Johnson ◽  
Steven P. Cole
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Body Image ◽  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Short Form ◽  
External Control ◽  
Health Evaluation ◽  
Fitness Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Scores ◽  
Main Effect

This study assessed associations among measures of body-image and locus of control for 32 college students in dance classes and 26 students enrolled in a personal health class over a 16-wk. semester. Students took the Winstead and Cash 54-item short-form Body Self-relations Questionnaire and the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Control Scale. For locus of control there was a statistically significant main effect for time. Over-all, subjects scored as more internally oriented from pretest to posttest. However, there was a significant interaction; dancers scored more internally on locus of control at pretest than nondancers, but at posttest there were no significant differences between groups. For the Fitness Evaluation subscale of body-image there was a statistically significant interaction. Dancers had lower Fitness Evaluation scores at pretest than the nondancers but at posttest there were no significant differences between the groups. For Fitness Orientation there was a significant main effect for time. Subjects at pretest had higher Fitness Orientation scores than at posttest. For the Health Evaluation subscale of body-image there was a significant main effect for time. Over-all, subjects at pretest had higher Health Evaluation scores than at post-test.

The Ability of Listeners to Report Oral Responses of Black and White Children

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Clark Gerken ◽  
John W. Deichmann
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Nonstandard Analysis ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Oral Responses ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
White College

A group of 20 black and 20 white college students viewed videotapes of eight first-grade boys and recorded in writing the boys' responses to 10 vocabulary items from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). The eight boys represented four dialect groups: black standard, black nonstandard, white standard, and white nonstandard. Analysis of the data revealed significant interactions between race and dialect of child relative to (1) a listener’s ability to report in writing a child’s verbatim responses without producing a change in the WISC scoring of the responses, and (2) a listener’s ability to restate in writing a child’s responses without producing a change in the scoring of the responses. Further, both dialect and race of child were found to be significantly related to (3) the total number of errors the listener makes in writing the child’s responses. The race of the listener as a main effect was not found to be significantly related to (1), (2), or (3). However, significant interaction did occur between race of listener and race of child, as well as among race of listener, race of child, and dialect of child relative to (3), the total number of errors the listener makes in writing the child’s responses.

scholarly journals Uncertainty increases curiosity, but decreases happiness

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieke L. F. van Lieshout ◽  
Floris P. de Lange ◽  
Roshan Cools
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Monetary Gain ◽  
Strong Main Effect

AbstractYou probably know what kind of things you are curious about, but can you also explain what it feels like to be curious? Previous studies have demonstrated that we are particularly curious when uncertainty is high and when information provides us with a substantial update of what we know. It is unclear, however, whether this drive to seek information (curiosity) is appetitive or aversive. Curiosity might correspond to an appetitive drive elicited by the state of uncertainty, because we like that state, or rather it might correspond to an aversive drive to reduce the state of uncertainty, because we don’t like it. To investigate this, we obtained both subjective valence (happiness) and curiosity ratings from subjects who performed a lottery task that elicits uncertainty-dependent curiosity. We replicated a strong main effect of outcome uncertainty on curiosity: Curiosity increased with outcome uncertainty, irrespective of whether the outcome represented a monetary gain or loss. By contrast, happiness decreased with higher outcome uncertainty. This indicates that people were more curious, but less happy about lotteries with higher outcome uncertainty. These findings raise the hypothesis, to be tested in future work, that curiosity reflects an aversive drive to reduce the unpleasant state of uncertainty.

Perceived and Induced Emotion Responses to Popular Music

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yading Song ◽  
Simon Dixon ◽  
Marcus T. Pearce ◽  
Andrea R. Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Web Site ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Emotional Quality ◽  
Popular Songs ◽  
Categorical Model ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
Emotion Model ◽  
The Difference

Music both conveys and evokes emotions, and although both phenomena are widely studied, the difference between them is often neglected. The purpose of this study is to examine the difference between perceived and induced emotion for Western popular music using both categorical and dimensional models of emotion, and to examine the influence of individual listener differences on their emotion judgment. A total of 80 musical excerpts were randomly selected from an established dataset of 2,904 popular songs tagged with one of the four words “happy,” “sad,” “angry,” or “relaxed” on the Last.FM web site. Participants listened to the excerpts and rated perceived and induced emotion on the categorical model and dimensional model, and the reliability of emotion tags was evaluated according to participants’ agreement with corresponding labels. In addition, the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index (Gold-MSI) was used to assess participants’ musical expertise and engagement. As expected, regardless of the emotion model used, music evokes emotions similar to the emotional quality perceived in music. Moreover, emotion tags predict music emotion judgments. However, age, gender and three factors from Gold-MSI, importance, emotion, and music training were found not to predict listeners’ responses, nor the agreement with tags.

Affective Integration Speeds Trait Processing

2005 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 810-818
Author(s):  
Takashi Nakao ◽  
Makoto Miyatani
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Personality Trait ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Speed Of Processing ◽  
Repeated Measures Design ◽  
Fan Effect ◽  
Students First ◽  
Recognition Judgments ◽  
Affective Value

We investigated whether affective integration increases the speed of processing of personality trait knowledge. The fan effect was compared between cases where trait knowledge is stored with the affective value and cases where it is not stored with the affective value. 18 college students first memorized a set of traits about fictitious individuals and then made recognition judgments. In the 2 × 2 factorial repeated-measures design, the number of traits learned about a fictitious individual and whether those traits were integrated by a shared affective value were manipulated. The significant interaction showed that knowledge of personality trait with affective integration was processed quickly even if the particular person's memory had rich connections with traits.

Factors Affecting Personal Space toward a Group

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darhl M. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Target Person ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Left Target

The personal space of 160 males and 160 females was measured relative to target groups whose characteristics varied in size (1, 2, 3, 4), type of person (men, women, boy, and girl), and direction of orientation (right, front, left). Two analyses of variance were completed: (a) sex of subject × type of target person × group size × direction of facing and (b) sex of subject × direction of facing of right target × direction of facing of left target person × man-woman composition. Personal space was smaller toward groups not containing a man than for those containing a man, for groups of children than adults when approaching face to face, for groups of females than males when approaching from behind, for groups facing away than for groups facing at right angles than for groups facing toward. Although group size was involved in a significant interaction with type of person and direction of facing, it did not produce a significant main effect. Sex of subject also was not significant, showing that males and females exhibited generic social schemas in personal spacing toward groups.

scholarly journals Theming, Co-Creation, and Quality of Structured Experiences at Camp

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary D. Ellis ◽  
Jingxian Jiang ◽  
Andrew Lacanienta ◽  
Mark Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Quality Of Experience ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Strong Main Effect

Lacanienta and his colleagues (2018) recently reported results of a study of the effect of themes on quality of experience of youths during summer camp activities. Existing literature suggested that theming activity sessions would have a strong main effect. Results, though, revealed an activity-by-theme interaction effect, i.e., themes seem to be effective in some activities but not others. In this follow-up study, we describe results of a secondary analysis revealing significant new insights regarding theme. Adding an indicator of campers’ co-created, lived-experience theme into the models tested substantially clarified how objective theme, lived-experience theme, and activity interact in influencing the quality of structured experiences. This study, then, underscores the importance of including measures of participants’ co-created lived experience as we seek to understand techniques that can be used to enhance the quality of youths’ structured camp experiences.

The Impact of Virtual Physical Activity Interventions on Depression and Anxiety among College Students: Randomized Controlled Trial (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy Murray ◽  
Michele Marenus ◽  
Ana Cahuas ◽  
Kathryn Friedman ◽  
Haley Ottensoser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety are growing issues for college students, with both aerobic-resistance training and mindfulness-yoga exercises known to be effective in reducing symptoms and severity. However, no known research is available comparing these two depression and anxiety interventions simultaneously and in a virtual environment. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the effects of a virtual aerobic-resistance exercise intervention (WeActive) and a virtual yoga-mindfulness mindfulness exercise intervention (WeMindful) on depression and anxiety symptoms in college students METHODS The participants were 78 college students who anonymously completed a Qualtrics survey including the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) at baseline and the post-test. Participants were randomly assigned to either the WeActive or WeMindful group and underwent two 30-minute virtual aerobic-resistance exercise lessons or yoga-mindfulness lessons per week for eight weeks. RESULTS The results of ANCOVA with repeated measures indicated that, while not statistically significant, both groups showed a notable decrease in anxiety with a marginal significant main effect of time (F = 3.485, p = 0.066, η2 = 0.047) but no significant main effect of group and no significant interaction effect of time with group. The two intervention groups experienced a significant decrease in depression with the main effect of time (F = 3.892, p = 0.052, η2 = 0.052). There was no significant main effect of group or interaction effect of time with group for depression. CONCLUSIONS College students in both WeActive and WeMindful groups experienced a significant decrease in depression symptoms and a decrease, though not significant, in anxiety as well. The study suggests that virtual WeActive and WeMindful interventions are effective approaches to managing US college student depression and anxiety during a pandemic.

Effects of Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Noise Exposure on Tinnitus Occurrence in College Students and Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurel Elise Money ◽  
Ishara Ramkissoon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
College Students ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Shs Exposure

Background: Recent research indicated that young adults and adolescents reported tinnitus in highernumbers than previously. Thus, it is important to fully investigate risk factors for tinnitus in adolescentsand young adults.<br />Purpose: The current study examined the influence of two environmental risk factors, secondhandsmoke (SHS) exposure and noise exposure on tinnitus occurrence as self-reported by U.S. adolescentsand young adults.<br />Research Design: A nonexperimental, cross-sectional design was used for this survey study.<br />Study Sample: Of 265 surveys received, 43 were excluded due to ineligibility. The remaining 222 surveysconstituted the study sample. Participant respondents included 80 high school students (ages14–17) and 142 college students (ages 18–30). The sample was primarily female (n = 160).<br />Data Collection and Analysis: Three (3) yes/no survey questions regarding SHS exposure, noise exposure,and tinnitus occurrence were analyzed. Statistical analyses included logistic regression, chisquarefollow-up tests, and Pearson bivariate correlation analysis.<br />Results: Results revealed that 40 percent of young adults and adolescents surveyed reported that they experiencedtinnitus. Regression analysis revealed significant main effects for noise (p = 0.004), gender (p =0.017), and the interaction of SHS and noise (p = 0.001). There was no main effect of SHS exposurenor age on tinnitus occurrence. Follow-up chi-square analysis conducted to probe the gender effectrevealed that females (45.1 percent) were more likely to experience tinnitus than males (27.7 percent). Chi-squaretesting to examine the significant interaction effect revealed statistical significance (p = 0.001) for individualswith reported noise exposure but not for individuals without noise exposure. In the noise-exposedgroup, individuals who also reported SHS exposure had a lower occurrence of tinnitus (23.6 percent). In contrast,the noise-exposed individuals without SHS exposure had a higher prevalence of tinnitus (57.9 percent).An additional chi-square follow-up analysis to examine the main effect of noise revealed no significance(p = 0.199). However, there was a significant (p < 0.01) negative correlation (r = –0.244) of noise exposurewith age.<br />Conclusion: The current study results suggest there is a higher than expected report of tinnitus incidencein adolescents and young adults. The relationship between tinnitus occurrence and a combinedexposure to noise and secondhand smoke revealed a unique effect in adolescents and young adults.<br />

Would You Accept a Facebook Friend Request from Your Boss?

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-147
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Karl ◽  
Richard S. Allen ◽  
Charles S. White ◽  
Joy Van Eck Peluchette ◽  
Douglas E. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Generation X ◽  
Generational Differences ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Open Communication ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Main Effect

Because Millennials and Generation X tend to desire close relationships with their leaders, expect frequent and open communication, and integrate their personal and professional contacts via social media, it was predicted they would be more likely than Baby Boomers to accept a Facebook friend request from their boss. Although no main effect was found for generational differences, a significant interaction between self-disclosure and generation was found, such that self-disclosure was positively related to acceptance of a friend request from one's boss for Baby Boomers and Generation X, but negatively related for Millennials. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

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