Effects of Metrical Encoding on Melody Recognition

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 372-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Acevedo ◽  
David Temperley ◽  
Peter Q. Pfordresher
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Pitch Change ◽  
Melody Recognition ◽  
Pattern Structure ◽  
Trial Participants

We report two experiments exploring whether matched metrical and motivic structure facilitate the recognition of melodic patterns. Eight tonal melodies were composed from binary (four-note) or ternary (three-note) motivic patterns, and were each presented within a metrical context that either matched or mismatched the pattern. On each trial, participants heard patterns twice and performed a same-different task; in half the trials, one pitch in the second presentation was altered. Performance was analyzed using signal detection analyses of sensitivity and response bias. In Experiment 1, expert listeners showed greater sensitivity to pitch change when metrical context matched motivic pattern structure than when they conflicted (an effect of metrical encoding) and showed no response bias. Novice listeners, however, did not show an effect of metrical encoding, exhibiting lower sensitivity and a bias toward responding “same.” In a second experiment using only novices, each trial contained five presentations of the standard followed by one presentation of the comparison. Sensitivity to changes improved relative to Experiment 1: evidence for metrical encoding – in the form of reduced response bias when meter and motive matched – was found. Results support the metrical encoding hypothesis and suggest that the use of metrical encoding may develop with expertise.

Associations between collectivism and perception of social threat: a signal detection approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuong-Van Vu ◽  
Catrin Finkenauer ◽  
Lydia Krabbendam
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Adjustment ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Social Threat ◽  
Threat Detection ◽  
Perceptual Sensitivity ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Individual

Collectivistic orientation, which entails interdependent self-construal and concern for interpersonal harmony and social adjustment, has been suggested to be associated with detecting emotional expressions that signal social threat than individualistic orientation, which entails independent self-construal. The present research tested if this detection is a result of enhanced perceptual sensitivity or of response bias. We used country as proxy of individualism and collectivism (Country IC), measured IC of individuals with a questionnaire (Individual IC) and manipulated IC with culture priming (Situational IC). Dutch participants in the Netherlands (n = 143) and Chinese participants in China (n = 151) performed a social threat detection task where they had to categorize ambiguous facial expressions as “angry” or “not angry”. As the stimuli varied in degrees of scowling and frequency of presentation, we were able to measure the participants' perceptual sensitivity and response bias following the principles of the Signal Detection Theory. On the Country IC level, the results indicated that individualism-representative Dutch participants had higher perceptual sensitivity than collectivism-representative Chinese participants; whereas, Chinese participants were more biased towards categorizing a scowling face as “angry” than the Dutch (i.e. stronger liberal bias). In both groups, collectivism on the Individual IC was associated with a bias towards recognizing a scowling face as “not angry” (i.e. stronger conservative bias). Culture priming (Situational IC) affected neither perceptual sensitivity nor response bias. Our data suggested that cultural differences were in the form of behavioral tendency and IC entails multiple constructs linked to different outcomes in social threat detection.

scholarly journals Hazard Perception in City and Highway Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 1404-1408
Author(s):  
John Paul Plummer ◽  
Anastasia Diamond ◽  
Alex Chaparro ◽  
Rui Ni
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Response Criterion ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Hazard Perception ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
City Environment ◽  
Video Clips ◽  
The City

Hazard perception (HP) is an important aspect of driving performance and is associated with crash risk. In the current study, we investigate the effect of roadway environment (city vs. highway) and expertise on HP. HP was measured using HP clips that evaluated response lag (defined as the time from the participant’s response to the end of the clip) and fuzzy signal detection theory metrics of response criterion and sensitivity. Forty videos were used: 20 from highway environments and 20 from city environments. Forty-eight participants with a range of driving experience as assessed by the years since obtaining a license (less than 1 year to 24 years) completed the study. There were differences between city and highway environments in response lag and response bias; participants responded earlier to the hazards in the highway environment and exhibited a more liberal response bias. Driving experience was significantly correlated to response lag. When the video clips were categorized by environment, driving experience was only significantly correlated with performance for the city environment.

Experimental Pain Is Alleviated by Manual Traction Itself Rather than Subjective Bias in the Knee: A Signal Detection Analysis

Pain Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1347-1354
Author(s):  
Hayato Shigetoh ◽  
Michihiro Osumi ◽  
Shu Morioka
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Hit Rate ◽  
C Fiber ◽  
Subjective Bias ◽  
First Pain ◽  
Manual Traction ◽  
Relief Effect

Abstract Background Manual traction is used for pain relief, but it is not clear whether the pain relief effect of manual traction is due to sensitivity or to subjective bias. The differences between manual traction and touch have also been unclear. Objectives We used signal detection theory to investigate whether manual traction and touch were effective for pain relief, and we compared the pain relief effect between manual traction and touch. Design Repeated measures and single blinding. Methods Twenty healthy adult volunteers performed an intensity judgment task immediately before and after each intervention. The intervention was either manual traction or touch for 10 minutes. We measured the intensity judgment task’s signal detection measures of hit rates, false alarm rates, sensitivity (d'), and response bias (C) in an Aδ fiber–mediated pain condition and C fiber–mediated pain condition. Results Manual traction did not provide a significant level of change, but its effect sizes differed. In our comparison of the effect sizes, manual traction tended to reduce the hit rate and altered the sensitivity value rather than the response bias in Aδ fiber–mediated pain. There was no significant difference in the amount of change in the hit rate between touch and manual traction regarding Aδ fiber–mediated pain and C fiber–mediated pain. Conclusions In terms of effect sizes, manual traction was effective for the pain relief of the first pain by producing a change in pain sensitivity rather than by subjective bias. Manual traction reduced the first pain, whereas touch reduced the first pain and second pain.

scholarly journals Disentangling the Relationship between Physician and Organizational Performance: A Signal Detection Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 746-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Kostopoulou ◽  
Martine Nurek ◽  
Brendan C. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Mediation Model ◽  
Urgent Referral ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Referral Decision ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stable Feature

Background. In previous research, we employed a signal detection approach to measure the performance of general practitioners (GPs) when deciding about urgent referral for suspected lung cancer. We also explored associations between provider and organizational performance. We found that GPs from practices with higher referral positive predictive value (PPV; chance of referrals identifying cancer) were more reluctant to refer than those from practices with lower PPV. Here, we test the generalizability of our findings to a different cancer. Methods. A total of 252 GPs responded to 48 vignettes describing patients with possible colorectal cancer. For each vignette, respondents decided whether urgent referral to a specialist was needed. They then completed the 8-item Stress from Uncertainty scale. We measured GPs’ discrimination ( d′) and response bias (criterion; c) and their associations with organizational performance and GP demographics. We also measured correlations of d′ and c between the 2 studies for the 165 GPs who participated in both. Results. As in the lung study, organizational PPV was associated with response bias: in practices with higher PPV, GPs had higher criterion (b = 0.05 [0.03 to 0.07]; P < 0.001), that is, they were less inclined to refer. As in the lung study, female GPs were more inclined to refer than males (b = −0.17 [−0.30 to −0.105]; P = 0.005). In a mediation model, stress from uncertainty did not explain the gender difference. Only response bias correlated between the 2 studies ( r = 0.39, P < 0.001). Conclusions. This study confirms our previous findings regarding the relationship between provider and organizational performance and strengthens the finding of gender differences in referral decision making. It also provides evidence that response bias is a relatively stable feature of GP referral decision making.

scholarly journals Using Signal Detection Theory to Better Understand Cognitive Fatigue

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn R. Wylie ◽  
Bing Yao ◽  
Joshua Sandry ◽  
John DeLuca
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Detection Theory ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Cognitive Fatigue ◽  
Fatigue Criterion

When we are fatigued, we feel that our performance is worse than when we are fresh. Yet, for over 100 years, researchers have been unable to identify an objective, behavioral measure that covaries with the subjective experience of fatigue. Previous work suggests that the metrics of signal detection theory (SDT)—response bias (criterion) and perceptual certainty (d’)—may change as a function of fatigue, but no work has yet been done to examine whether these metrics covary with fatigue. Here, we investigated cognitive fatigue using SDT. We induced fatigue through repetitive performance of the n-back working memory task, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was acquired. We also assessed cognitive fatigue at intervals throughout. This enabled us to assess not only whether criterion and d’ covary with cognitive fatigue but also whether similar patterns of brain activation underlie cognitive fatigue and SDT measures. Our results show that both criterion and d’ were correlated with changes in cognitive fatigue: as fatigue increased, subjects became more conservative in their response bias and their perceptual certainty declined. Furthermore, activation in the striatum of the basal ganglia was also related to cognitive fatigue, criterion, and d’. These results suggest that SDT measures represent an objective measure of cognitive fatigue. Additionally, the overlap and difference in the fMRI results between cognitive fatigue and SDT measures indicate that these measures are related while also separate. In sum, we show the relevance of SDT measures in the understanding of fatigue, thus providing researchers with a new set of tools with which to better understand the nature and consequences of cognitive fatigue.

scholarly journals A Signal Detection Approach to the Perception of Affective Prosody in Anxious Individuals: A Developmental Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Megan Humphrey
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Interpretation Bias ◽  
Developmental Study ◽  
Affective Prosody ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Filtered Speech

<p>The present study used a Signal Detection approach to the study of prosody perception in children and adults who self-reported high levels of anxiety. Seventy-one children aged eight and nine years, and 85 adults listened to filtered speech and were required to discriminate angry, fearful and happy tones of voice. Anxiety levels were not associated with perception of affective prosody in adults. Levels of anxiety were related to children's criterion but not sensitivity to prosody. Highly anxious children were significantly more liberal in reporting fearful prosody compared to low anxious children. Analyses of total responses suggest that this criterion is reflective of an interpretation bias as opposed to a response bias. Given that the interpretation bias was observed in children and not adults, it is possible that the bias may mark a vulnerability to develop further anxiety. This is consistent with previous experimental findings in other modalities as well as integrative models of anxiety development that identify such cognitive biases as predisposing factors. Furthermore, regardless of anxiety level, children were comparable to adults in their accuracy for fearful prosody, yet were significantly poorer than adults in their accuracy for angry and happy prosody. This suggests that fear may be one of the first emotions children learn to identify.</p>

Vigilance and Signal Detection Theory: An Evaluation of Response Bias Measures

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judi E. See ◽  
Joel S. Warm ◽  
William N. Dember ◽  
Steven R. Howe
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Detection Theory

Sensory and Non-Sensory Factors and the Concept of Externality in Obese Subjects

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick M. Gardner ◽  
Shirley J. Brake ◽  
Beth Reyes ◽  
Dick Maestas
Keyword(s):  
Signal Detection ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Signal Detection Theory ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Lower Response ◽  
Visual Threshold ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Psychophysical Task

9 obese and 9 normal subjects performed a psychophysical task in which food- or non-food-related stimuli were briefly flashed tachistoscopically at a speed and intensity near the visual threshold. A signal was presented on one-half the trials and noise only on the other one-half of the trials. Using signal detection theory methodology, separate measures of sensory sensitivity ( d') and response bias (β) were calculated. No differences were noted between obese and normal subjects on measures of sensory sensitivity but significant differences on response bias. Obese subjects had consistently lower response criteria than normal ones. Analysis for subjects categorized by whether they were restrained or unrestrained eaters gave findings identical to those for obese and normal. The importance of using a methodology that separates sensory and non-sensory factors in research on obesity is discussed.

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