scholarly journals Influence of Expressive Versus Mechanical Musical Performance on Short-term Memory for Musical Excerpts

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Tillmann ◽  
W. Jay Dowling ◽  
Philippe Lalitte ◽  
Paul Molin ◽  
Katrin Schulze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Live Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Expressive Performance ◽  
Musical Excerpts ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stimulus Features

Recognition memory for details of musical phrases (discrimination between targets and similar lures) improves for up to 15 s following the presentation of a target, during continuous listening to the ongoing piece. This is attributable to binding of stimulus features during that time interval. The ongoing-listening paradigm is an ecologically valid approach for investigating short-term memory, but previous studies made use of relatively mechanical MIDI-produced stimuli. The present study assessed whether expressive performances would modulate the previously reported finding. Given that expressive performances introduced slight differences between initially presented targets and their target-test items, expressive performance could make the task more difficult overall than did the previously used mechanical renderings. However, results revealed an even stronger improvement for the expressive pieces than for the mechanical pieces. The pattern of results was observed for participants varying in their level of musical experience, though the difference between expressive and mechanical conditions was more pronounced for the less-experienced participants. Overall, our study showed that the memory improvement phenomenon extends to more realistic musical material, which includes expressive timing characteristics of live performance.

scholarly journals How Do Subway Signs Affect Pedestrians’ Wayfinding Behavior through Visual Short-Term Memory?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6866
Author(s):  
Haoru Li ◽  
Jinliang Xu ◽  
Xiaodong Zhang ◽  
Fangchen Ma
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Subway Station ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Types Of Information

Recently, subways have become an important part of public transportation and have developed rapidly in China. In the subway station setting, pedestrians mainly rely on visual short-term memory to obtain information on how to travel. This research aimed to explore the short-term memory capacities and the difference in short-term memory for different information for Chinese passengers regarding subway signs. Previous research has shown that people’s general short-term memory capacity is approximately four objects and that, the more complex the information, the lower people’s memory capacity. However, research on the short-term memory characteristics of pedestrians for subway signs is scarce. Hence, based on the STM theory and using 32 subway signs as stimuli, we recruited 120 subjects to conduct a cognitive test. The results showed that passengers had a different memory accuracy for different types of information in the signs. They were more accurate regarding line number and arrow, followed by location/text information, logos, and orientation. Meanwhile, information type, quantity, and complexity had significant effects on pedestrians’ short-term memory capacity. Finally, according to our results that outline the characteristics of short-term memory for subway signs, we put forward some suggestions for subway signs. The findings will be effective in helping designers and managers improve the quality of subway station services as well as promoting the development of pedestrian traffic in such a setting.

scholarly journals IS DIGIT SUPERIORITY INDISPENSABLE WITH REGARD TO SHORT TERM MEMORY SPAN?

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Familiar Stimulus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Superiority Effect ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Color Name ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Familiar Stimuli

It is known that digits have a positive effect on the performance of short term memory (STM) span and it is called the digit superiority effect. This study aims to examine the effect of familiar stimuli (digits, colors, digit names, color names, and words) on STM span. In order to measure STM capacity, a memory span task was used including the digit, word, and color span lists. 91 participants (44 female, 47 male) aged between 18-27 (M = 21,43, SD = 1.50) participated in the study that consisted of three different experiments. Results of Experiment 1 revealed that there was a significant difference between the digit name and word with regard to span size and total span. In Experiment 2 and 3, the main effect of familiar stimulus type on total span and span size was significant, and also the difference between all types of stimuli was significant (Experiment II, digit name>word=color name; Experiment III, digit>digit name>color name>color). The common result obtained from all experiments is that digits are superior with regard to STM span than other familiar stimuli types such as words, color names, colors. This study confirmed that digit superiority effect is indispensable on verbal and visual STM span. Keywords Digit superiority, short term memory, memory span

Charting the Diversity of Strategic Processes in Visuospatial Short-Term Memory

2020 ◽  
pp. 174569162095069
Author(s):  
Corentin Gonthier
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Visuospatial Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Multiple Strategies ◽  
Strategic Processes ◽  
Strategic Behaviors ◽  
Spatial Tasks ◽  
The Difference

Despite the abundant literature on visuospatial short-term memory, researchers have devoted little attention to strategic processes: What procedures do subjects implement to memorize visuospatial material? Evidence for various strategies exists, but it is spread across a variety of fields. This integrative review of the literature brings together scattered evidence to provide an overview of strategic processes in visuospatial memory tasks. The diversity of strategies and their proposed operating mechanisms are reviewed and discussed. The evidence leads to proposing seven broad strategic processes used in visuospatial short-term memory, each with multiple variants. Strategies can vary across individuals, but the same subjects also appear to use multiple strategies depending on the perceptual features of to-be-remembered displays. These results point to a view of visuospatial strategies as a functional library of facilitatory processes on which subjects can draw to support visuospatial short-term memory performance. Implications are discussed for the difference between visual and spatial tasks, for the appropriate measurement of strategic behaviors, and for the interpretation of performance in visuospatial memory tasks.

Some Correlates of Speech Coding in the Short-Term Memory of the Deaf

1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Speech Coding ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Speech Quality ◽  
Verbal Mediation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Deaf Students ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Overt Speech

A short-term memory test for visually presented letter sequences was given to 43 deaf students and 46 hearing housewives. Alternately the sequences were phonologically similar or dissimilar. All hearing subjects except one had worse recall with phonologically similar sequences; about half the deaf subjects found them easier. The difference, for the deaf, was examined relative to IQ, pure-tone hearing, speech hearing, and speech quality. In particular, IQ seemed not to be related to degree of verbal mediation, and the discussion considers whether training the deaf in overt speech necessarily leads to the use of covert speech.

On recency and echoic memory

1983 ◽  
Vol 302 (1110) ◽  
pp. 267-282 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Echoic Memory ◽  
Special Weight ◽  
Temporal Distinctiveness ◽  
Stimulus Features

In short-term memory, the tendency for the last few (recency) items from a verbal sequence to be increasingly well recalled is more pronounced if the items are spoken rather than written. This auditory recency advantage has been quite generally attributed to echoic memory, on the grounds that in the auditory, but not the visual, mode, sensory memory persists just long enough to supplement recall of the most recent items. This view no longer seems tenable. There are now several studies showing that an auditory recency advantage occurs not only in long-term memory, but under conditions in which it cannot possibly be attributed to echoic memory. Also, similar recency phenomena have been discovered in short-term memory when the items are lip-read, or presented in sign-language, rather than heard. This article provides a partial review of these studies, taking a broad theoretical position from which these particular recency phenomena are approached as possible exceptions to a general theory according to which recency is due to temporal distinctiveness. Much of the fresh evidence reviewed is of a somewhat preliminary nature and it is as yet unexplained by any theory of memory. The need for additional, converging experimental tests is obvious; so too is the need for further theoretical development. Several alternative theoretical resolutions are mentioned, including the possibility that enhanced recency may reflect movement, from sequentially occurring stimulus features, and the suggestion that it may be associated with the primary linguistic mode of the individuals concerned. But special weight is attached to the conjecture that all these recency phenomena might be accounted for in terms of distinctiveness or discriminability. On this view, the enhanced recency effects observed with certain modes, including the auditory mode, are attributed to items possessing greater temporal discriminability in those modes.

scholarly journals Betting on bitcoin: a profitable trading between directional and shielding strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo De Angelis ◽  
Roberto De Marchis ◽  
Mario Marino ◽  
Antonio Luciano Martire ◽  
Immacolata Oliva
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Future Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Price Process ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Contracts For Difference ◽  
The Difference

AbstractIn this paper, we come up with an original trading strategy on Bitcoins. The methodology we propose is profit-oriented, and it is based on buying or selling the so-called Contracts for Difference, so that the investor’s gain, assessed at a given future time t, is obtained as the difference between the predicted Bitcoin price and an apt threshold. Starting from some empirical findings, and passing through the specification of a suitable theoretical model for the Bitcoin price process, we are able to provide possible investment scenarios, thanks to the use of a Recurrent Neural Network with a Long Short-Term Memory for predicting purposes.

scholarly journals Temporally distinct oscillatory codes of retention and manipulation of verbal working memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri G. Pavlov ◽  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Band Power ◽  
The Difference

AbstractMost psychophysiological studies of working memory (WM) target only the short-term memory construct, while short-term memory is only a part of the WM responsible for the storage of sensory information. Much less effort has been devoted to study brain mechanisms supporting the executive components of WM – the part responsible for the manipulation of information. Here, 156 human participants (82 females) performed two tasks requiring either simple retention or retention and manipulation of verbal information in WM. A relatively long delay period (> 6 s) was employed to investigate the temporal trajectory of the oscillatory brain activity using EEG. Compared to baseline, theta activity was significantly enhanced during encoding and the delay period. Alpha-band power decreased during encoding and switched to an increase in the first part of the delay before returning to the baseline in the second part; beta-band power remained below baseline during all three time intervals. The difference between the manipulation and retention tasks in spectral power had diverse temporal trajectories in different frequency bands. The difference maintained over encoding and the first part of the delay in theta, during the first part of the delay in beta, and during the whole delay period in alpha. Our results suggest that task-related modulations in theta power co-vary with the demands on the executive control network; beta suppression during mental manipulation can be related to the activation of motor networks; alpha is likely to reflect the activation of language areas simultaneously with sensory input blockade.

scholarly journals Visual working memory is independent of the cortical spacing between memoranda

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Harrison ◽  
Paul M. Bays
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Memory Representations ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Cortical Representations

AbstractThe sensory recruitment hypothesis states that visual short term memory is maintained in the same visual cortical areas that initially encode a stimulus’ features. Although it is well established that the distance between features in visual cortex determines their visibility, a limitation known as crowding, it is unknown whether short term memory is similarly constrained by the cortical spacing of memory items. Here we investigated whether the cortical spacing between sequentially presented memoranda affects the fidelity of memory in humans (of both sexes). In a first experiment, we varied cortical spacing by taking advantage of the log-scaling of visual cortex with eccentricity, sequentially presenting memoranda in peripheral vision along either the radial or tangential visual axis with respect to the fovea. In a second experiment, we sequentially presented memoranda either within or beyond the critical spacing of visual crowding, a distance within which visual features cannot be perceptually distinguished due to their nearby cortical representations. In both experiments and across multiple measures, we found strong evidence that the ability to maintain visual features in memory is unaffected by cortical spacing. These results indicate that the neural architecture underpinning working memory has properties inconsistent with the known behaviour of sensory neurons in visual cortex. Instead, the dissociation between perceptual and memory representations supports a role of higher cortical areas, such as posterior parietal or prefrontal regions, or may involve an as yet unspecified mechanism in visual cortex in which stimulus features are bound to their temporal order.Significance StatementAlthough much is known about the resolution with which we can remember visual objects, the cortical representation of items held in short term memory remains contentious. A popular hypothesis suggests that memory of visual features is maintained via the recruitment of the same neural architecture in sensory cortex that encodes stimuli. We investigated this claim by manipulating the spacing in visual cortex between sequentially presented memoranda such that some items shared cortical representations more than others, while preventing perceptual interference between stimuli. We found clear evidence that short term memory is independent of the intra-cortical spacing of memoranda, revealing a dissociation between perceptual and memory representations. Our data indicate that working memory relies on different neural mechanisms from sensory perception.

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