scholarly journals Our Varying Histories and Future Potential: Models and Maps in Science, the Humanities, and in Music Theory

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Narmour
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Music Cognition ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Parent Organization ◽  
Musical Knowledge ◽  
Future Potential ◽  
Intellectual Potential

part 1 briefly recounts the influence of social unrest and the explosion of knowledge in both psychology and the humanities circa 1970-1990. As the sciences rely on explicit top-down theories connected to bottom-up maps and models, and whereas the humanities build on bottom-up differences within malleable top-down “theories” (approaches, themes, theses, programs, methods, etc.), the changes in the sciences during this period contrasted sharply with the changes in the humanities. Part 2 discusses in detail how these two social transformations affected the histories of music theory and cognitive music theory. The former fractiously withdrew from its parent organization (AMS), whereas the latter was welcomed into SMPC. Inasmuch as both music theory and cognitive music theory rely on maps and models, Part 3 examines the metatheoretical importance of these terms for music cognition, music theory, and cognitive music theory. Part 4 speculates about the future—how music cognition, cognitive music theory, and music theory contribute to the structure of musical knowledge. The intellectual potential of this unique triadic collaboration is discussed: psychology provides a commanding empirical framework of the human mind, while music theory and cognitive music theory logically model moment-to-moment temporal emotions and the auditory intellections at the core of musical art.

scholarly journals Top-down causation and emergence: some comments on mechanisms

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
George F. R. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Causal Power ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Information Control ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Adaptive Selection ◽  
Abstract Entities ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Medical Healthcare

Both bottom-up and top-down causation occur in the hierarchy of structure and causation. A key feature is multiple realizability of higher level functions, and consequent existence of equivalence classes of lower level variables that correspond to the same higher level state. Five essentially different classes of top-down influence can be identified, and their existence demonstrated by many real-world examples. They are: algorithmic top-down causation; top-down causation via non-adaptive information control, top-down causation via adaptive selection, top-down causation via adaptive information control and intelligent top-down causation (the effect of the human mind on the physical world). Through the mind, abstract entities such as mathematical structures have causal power. The causal slack enabling top-down action to take place lies in the structuring of the system so as to attain higher level functions; in the way the nature of lower level elements is changed by context, and in micro-indeterminism combined with adaptive selection. Understanding top-down causation can have important effects on society. Two cases will be mentioned: medical/healthcare issues, and education—in particular, teaching reading and writing. In both cases, an ongoing battle between bottom-up and top-down approaches has important consequences for society.

Analyzing Form and Measuring Perceptual Content in Mozart's Sonata K. 282: A New Theory of Parametric Analogues

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Narmour
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Perceptual Content ◽  
Active Listening ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
On Line ◽  
Level I ◽  
Scale Step ◽  
Perceptual Sense

Hierarchic analysis in music necessarily separates form from content. However, in active listening, the two are indivisible. To illustrate this, I first analyze in Part 1 the opening movement in Mozart's Sonata K. 282 from the top down, using traditional methods in music theory. Arriving at the manifest level, I then dissect the music from the bottom up, relying on the implication-realization model (Narmour, 1977,1989,1990,1991a, 1992). The contrasting perspectives reveal in great detail some of the movement's richly complex structuring. More generally, they confirm the inextricable feedback between parametric content and the meaning of form, specifically with respect to the contrary functions of closure and nonclosure. Following these analyses, Part 2 forges a synthesis by developing an implicative theory of analogical structures for melody, harmony, duration, and meter. Because, in terms of bottom-up processing, the analytical symbology for tracking structures is commensurable, we can, in all four primary parameters, weight similarity (aa), difference (ab), closure (stability), and nonclosure (implication) with comparable numbers. Further, by adding in some essential stylistic properties from the top down (scale step, diatonic pitch set, tonal cadential closure), we are able to represent the overall rhythmic shape of the first phrase in a single twodimensional graph. Thereby, we recapture from hierarchic analysis the perceptual sense that, in on-line listening, form and content are synthetically one.

Over De Functionaliteit Van Conversatie-Analyse

1992 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 102-114
Author(s):  
Ton van der Geest
Keyword(s):  
Conversation Analysis ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Conversational Analysis ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Cognitive Principles ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Working Method

In this article conversational analysis is criticised as to theory and practice. In terms of internal criticism it is argued that 1. there is a lack of theoretical starting points which makes observation less fruitful than possible; 2. the anti-structural attitude, however understandable, is counter-productive as to theoretical development; 3. the conversational analytic working method can be characterised as bottom-up in contrast to the cognitive principles of human mind that is organised top down to a large extent. This bottom-up approach denies the actual differences occurring in the mental activities of both participants and analyst. It, furthermore, neglects the proper questions of research as to how all kinds of information that the conversationalist has to his disposition and may put to usage when communicating, is organised mentally. Therefore, the discussion on rules, strategies, principles, etc. does not take place systematically in conversation analysis; 4. the inductive standpoint and approach of conversation analysis prohibits the formulation of generalizations. Furthermore, there is no methodology available to deal with deductive aspects of investigation; 5. the above discussed characteristics of conversational analysis lead to serious method-ological problems for the investigation of the human discourse capacity. As far as the external criticism of conversational analysis is concerned, it must be maintained, that conversational analysis isolates itself from other neighbouring disciplines, in such a way that it can but does not profit of related research findings of connected disciplines. Finally it is argued that conversation analysis is hardly interested in (or even ignores) the problem of application of research findings in every day practice.

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Optimalisasi Ekonomi Syariah Untuk Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Dalam Pengentasan Kemiskinan Mewujudkan Goodgovernance

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Sadari Sadari ◽  
Nurhidayat Nurhidayat ◽  
Rafiqah Rafiqah
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up

Humanisme religius telah mengantarkan pada era kesadaran bahwa peradaban manusia harus memiliki dua arus yang saling menunjang. Selama ini arus balik dalam bidang ekonomi hanya menonjolkan arus balik vertikal atas kebawah (model top down) yang didominasi oleh sistem ekonomi kapitalis dan sosialis, sedangkan di sisi lain mengesampingkan arus balik vertikal dari bawah ke atas (model bottom up) yang didominasi oleh sistem ekonomi syariah, sehingga dampaknya adalah adanya kesenjangan ekonomi yang sangat tajam. Paper ini mewujudkan peran penting, yakni menghubungkan dua arus tersebut secara timbal-balik, yakni mempertemukan arus pertama dengan arus balik kedua, sehingga akan menghasilkan dampak yang positif, progresif, kreatif dan produktif, kemudian pada akhirnya akan dapat meng-optomal-kan ekonomi syariah untuk menciptakan goodgovernance, post goodgovernance secara berkelanjutan, tentunya dengan bantuan peran media kontemporer yang kian update. Ekonomi syariah juga merupakan pilar dan nilai dasar, dari sikap keyakinan dan sikap rasionalitas untuk sanggup menciptakan terwujudnya pemberdayaan dan kesejahteraan sekaligus pengentasan kemiskinan dalam masyarakat di Indonesia.

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