scholarly journals Sound Source Mechanics and Musical Timbre Perception: Evidence From Previous Studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno L. Giordano ◽  
Stephen McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Multidimensional Scaling ◽  
Sound Source ◽  
Musical Instrument ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Sensory Attribute ◽  
Dissimilarity Rating

Timbre has been conceived of as a multidimensional sensory attribute and as a carrier of perceptually useful information about the mechanics of the sound source. To date, research on musical timbre has focused on defining its acoustical correlates, whereas fragmentary evidence is available on the influence of mechanical parameters. We quantified the extent to which mechanical properties of the sound source are associated with structures in the data from published identification and dissimilarity-rating studies. We focus on two macroscopic mechanical properties: the musical instrument family and excitation type. Identification confusions are significantly more frequent for same-family instruments. With dissimilarity ratings, same-family or same-excitation tones are judged more similar and tend to occupy the same region of multidimensional-scaling spaces. As such, significant associations between the perception of musical timbre and the mechanics of the sound source emerge even when not explicitly demanded by the task.

scholarly journals Evolution of Meniscal Biomechanical Properties with Growth: An Experimental and Numerical Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Marco Ferroni ◽  
Beatrice Belgio ◽  
Giuseppe M. Peretti ◽  
Alessia Di Giancamillo ◽  
Federica Boschetti
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Stress Relaxation ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Mechanical Stimulus ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

The menisci of the knee are complex fibro-cartilaginous tissues that play important roles in load bearing, shock absorption, joint lubrication, and stabilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between the different meniscal tissue components (i.e., the solid matrix constituents and the fluid phase) and the mechanical response according to the developmental stage of the tissue. Menisci derived from partially and fully developed pigs were analyzed. We carried out biochemical analyses to quantify glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and DNA content according to the developmental stage. These values were related to tissue mechanical properties that were measured in vitro by performing compression and tension tests on meniscal specimens. Both compression and tension protocols consisted of multi-ramp stress–relaxation tests comprised of increasing strains followed by stress–relaxation to equilibrium. To better understand the mechanical response to different directions of mechanical stimulus and to relate it to the tissue structural composition and development, we performed numerical simulations that implemented different constitutive models (poro-elasticity, viscoelasticity, transversal isotropy, or combinations of the above) using the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics. The numerical models also allowed us to determine several mechanical parameters that cannot be directly measured by experimental tests. The results of our investigation showed that the meniscus is a non-linear, anisotropic, non-homogeneous material: mechanical parameters increase with strain, depend on the direction of load, and vary among regions (anterior, central, and posterior). Preliminary numerical results showed the predominant role of the different tissue components depending on the mechanical stimulus. The outcomes of biochemical analyses related to mechanical properties confirmed the findings of the numerical models, suggesting a specific response of meniscal cells to the regional mechanical stimuli in the knee joint. During maturation, the increase in compressive moduli could be explained by cell differentiation from fibroblasts to metabolically active chondrocytes, as indicated by the found increase in GAG/DNA ratio. The changes of tensile mechanical response during development could be related to collagen II accumulation during growth. This study provides new information on the changes of tissue structural components during maturation and the relationship between tissue composition and mechanical response.

scholarly journals A human skin ultrasonic imaging to analyse its mechanical properties

2009 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Alexandre Delalleau ◽  
Gwendal Josse ◽  
Jérôme George ◽  
Yassine Mofid ◽  
Frédéric Ossant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
High Frequency Ultrasound ◽  
Specific Procedure ◽  
Complex Behaviour ◽  
Behaviour Law ◽  
Frequency Ultrasound

The analysis of the skin mechanical behaviour is a key-point for different field of investigation. As the skin is a complex structure, studies are usually based on inverse methods that compare experimental and finite element numerical results. Besides the considered behaviour law, one of the most important question concerns the geometrical aspects of the skin tissue. In this paper, it is shown how high frequency ultrasound imaging helps the calculation of skin mechanical parameters. The hypodermis influence is firstly discussed through elastographic analyses. A specific procedure to measure the dermis thickness is then proposed to highlight that such a measurement must be considered to draw reliable conclusions. The obtained results are finally discussed to point out the interest of such simplifications for the study of more complex behaviour laws.

scholarly journals Effect of Polymers on the Pharmaco-mechanical Properties of Direct Compressed Tablets with Ketoprofen

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Monica Iliuta Stamate ◽  
Ciprian Stamate ◽  
Daniel Timofte ◽  
Bogdan Ciuntu ◽  
Carmen Gafitanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Direct Compression ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Compression Method ◽  
Drug Substances ◽  
Polymeric Binders ◽  
Made In

In this study, the effect of polymers on the mechanical properties of ketoprofen extended drug release systems were studied. Many polymers are added in formulation of compressed tablets in order to improve the physicochemical characteristics of the drug release system. The samples were made in the form of cylindrical tablet about 9 mm in diameter, containing different mixtures of drug substances and excipients acording to seven formulations. Cylindrical tablets containing mixtures of ketoprofen and various types of polymers are made by direct compression method. Among the binders used were a series of different polymers like Kollidon va 64, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose. Mechanical parameters such as hardness, mechanical strenght, friability and roughness were studied in order to determine how they are influenced by polymeric binders.

scholarly journals Influence of the Mechanical Properties of Elastoplastic Materials on the Nanoindentation Loading Response

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 4842
Author(s):  
Huanping Yang ◽  
Wei Zhuang ◽  
Wenbin Yan ◽  
Yaomian Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
The Other ◽  
Equivalent Model ◽  
Strain Hardening Exponent ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Fem Simulations ◽  
Elastoplastic Materials

The nanoindentation loading response of elastoplastic materials was simulated by the finite element method (FEM). The influence of the Young’s modulus E, yield stress σy, strain hardening exponent n and Poisson’s ratio ν on the loading response was investigated. Based on an equivalent model, an equation with physical meaning was proposed to quantitatively describe the influence. The calculations agree well with the FEM simulations and experimental results in literature. Comparisons with the predictions using equations in the literature also show the reliability of the proposed equation. The investigations show that the loading curvature C increases with increasing E, σy, n and ν. The increase rates of C with E, σy, n and ν are different for their different influences on the flow stress after yielding. It is also found that the influence of one of the four mechanical parameters on C can be affected by the other mechanical parameters.

scholarly journals Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of mining waste with a grain size up to 2 mm reinforced with cement CEM I and CEM III

2019 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 01023
Author(s):  
Justyna Morman-Wątor
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mining Waste ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Freeze Resistance

The article presents the results of tests for mining waste mixtures - cement. The addition of cement was aimed at limiting the leaching of fine particles and improving physical and mechanical parameters. The studies used cement CEM I 42.5 R and CEM III/ A 42.5N - LH / HSR / NA and plasticizing sealant. The paper presents the results of freeze resistance, swelling tests, pH of water leachate and oedometer soil testing.

Experimental Investigation into the Influences of Weathering on the Mechanical Properties of Sedimentary Rocks

Geofluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Xiaoshuang Li ◽  
Yingchun Li ◽  
Saisai Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Uniaxial Compression ◽  
Sedimentary Rocks ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Uniaxial Tensile Strength ◽  
Weathering Grades

The time-dependent behaviors of the sedimentary rocks which refer to the altering of the mechanical and deformable properties of rock elements in the long-term period are of increasing importance in the investigation of the failure mechanism of the rock strata in underground coal mines. In order to obtain the accurate and reliable mechanical parameters of the sedimentary rocks at different weathering grades, the extensive experimental programs including the Brazilian splitting test, uniaxial compression tests, and direct shear tests have been carried out on the specimens that exposed to the nature environments at different durations. The correlation between the weathering grades and mechanical parameters including uniaxial tensile strength, uniaxial compression strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, cohesion, and friction coefficient was proposed. The obtained results suggested that uniaxial tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and cohesion dramatically decreased with increasing weathering time, characterized as the negative exponential relationship in general. The influences of various weathering grades on fracture behavior of the rock specimens were discussed. The cumulative damage of the rock by the weathering time decreased the friction coefficient of the specimens which led to the initiation and propagation of microcrack within the rock at lower stress conditions. The obtained results improved the understanding of the roles of weathering on the mechanical properties of sedimentary rocks, which is helpful in the design of the underground geotechnical structures.

EFFECT OF PETROLOGICAL FEATURES ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ROCK SALT FROM THE LGOM (LEGNICA–GŁOGÓW COPPER DISTRICT)

2016 ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna CYRAN ◽  
Tomasz TOBOŁA ◽  
Paweł KAMIŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Uniaxial Compressive Strength ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Fluid Inclusions ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Strength Tests ◽  
Crystal Boundaries

The paper presents the attempt to find a correlation between the content of impurities and mechanical parameters of rock salt from the LGOM. Research was carried out in three steps: uniaxial compressive strength tests, determination of the content of insoluble minerals (impurities), and observations under the microscope and Raman microspectroscopy. The research results reveal that the rock salt which is characterized by low content of insoluble minerals (0.13–2.11% wt.) shows no correlation between the mechanical properties and the content of impurities. However, it was found that mechanical properties depend on both the distribution of impurities in halite crystals and the presence of fluid inclusions and hydrocarbons along the crystal boundaries. Moreover, the distribution of anhydrite at the edges of halite crystals may influence an increase of rock salt strength. On the contrary, the presence of fluid inclusions and hydrocarbons along the halite crystal boundaries may reduce the rock salt strength.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED PTFE-BASED POLYMER COMPOSITES IN A SLIDING INTERACTION WITH ALUMINIUM OXIDE (Al2O3)

Tribologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 280 (4) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Władysław SKONECZNY ◽  
Sławomir KAPTACZ ◽  
Adrian BARYLSKI ◽  
Tomasz KMITA
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Service Life ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Tribological Properties ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Graphite Content ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Ptfe Composite ◽  
Bronze Powder

The paper presents the microstructure and mechanical and tribological properties of polymer composites based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) intended for use in friction couples where reciprocating motion is performed, e.g., in compressors or actuators. Micromechanical tests carried out using the Oliver-Pharr method showed that the PTFE composite with a 40% bronze content (T8B) had the most advantageous mechanical properties (hardness H, Young’s modulus E). In turn, tribological tests that were conducted using a ballon- disc tester in the linear (reciprocating) motion showed that the polytetrafluoroethylene composite with a mixture of 25% bronze powder and 15% graphite (T4GM) had the lowest tribological wear. The tribological properties of composite T5W with 25% graphite content were not much worse. Despite the most favourable mechanical parameters, the tribological wear of composites T8B and PTFE with glassy carbon (T3Ws) was nearly twice higher due to the absence of grease formed by a graphite filling. The results show that the use of composites containing a bronze-graphite filling improves the service life of lubricant-free friction couples that perform reciprocating motion.

scholarly journals Tetragonal-to-Monoclinic Transformation Influence on the Mechanical Properties of CeO2- ZrO2 Ceramics

2005 ◽  
Vol 498-499 ◽  
pp. 506-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria do Carmo de Andrade Nono
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Structural High

CeO2- ZrO2 ceramics are considered a candidate material for applications as structural high performance ceramics. In this work are presented and discussed the tetragonal-to-monoclinic stress-induced transformation influence on the mechanical properties in these ceramics. Sintered ceramics were fabricated from powders mixtures containing ZrO2 and 8 to 14 CeO2 % mol. SEM observations were used to study de ceramic microstructures and X-rays diffraction to identification and determination of tetragonal and monoclinic phases. It was adopted the 4-point bending tests, Vickers surface hardness and fracture toughness technique to the determination of the mechanical parameters. The results showed that the mechanical properties were strongly dependent of the CeO2 content, the microstructure and the fraction of tetragonal-to-monoclinic stress-induced transformation.

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