Travelling Through Pitch Space Speeds up Musical Time

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
ÉÉrico Artioli Firmino ◽  
Joséé Lino Oliveira Bueno ◽  
Emmanuel Bigand
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Space Theory ◽  
Harmonic Structure ◽  
Musical Time ◽  
Chord Sequence ◽  
Tonal Pitch ◽  
Pitch Space

SEVERAL MODELS OF TIME ESTIMATION HAVE BEEN developed in psychology; a few have been applied to music. In the present study, we assess the influence of the distances travelled through pitch space on retrospective time estimation. Participants listened to an isochronous chord sequence of 20-s duration. They were unexpectedly asked to reproduce the time interval of the sequence. The harmonic structure of the stimulus was manipulated so that the sequence either remained in the same key (CC) or travelled through a closely related key (CFC) or distant key (CGbC). Estimated times were shortened when the sequence modulated to a very distant key. This finding is discussed in light of Lerdahl's Tonal Pitch Space Theory (2001), Firmino and Bueno's Expected Development Fraction Model (in press), and models of time estimation.

Perceptions of Musical Dimensions in Beethoven's Waldsiein Sonata: An Application of Tonal Pitch Space Theory

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Smith ◽  
Lolal Cuddy
Keyword(s):  
Random Order ◽  
Temporal Orientation ◽  
Voice Leading ◽  
Space Theory ◽  
Piano Sonata ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Piano Students ◽  
Key Space ◽  
Tonal Pitch ◽  
Pitch Space

This study conducted a perceptual analysis of an excerpt from Beethoven's Waldstein piano sonata in four experiments. The experiments were followed by an application of Lerdahl's (2001) Tonal Pitch Space theory, or TPS, to perceptual judgments of musical tension over the course of the excerpt. In the experiments, data were obtained for each of 15 time points corresponding to the 15 successive sonorities in the excerpt. Listeners in the first three experiments were piano students who learned and performed the excerpt before participating in the experimental tasks. In Experiment 1, judgments of phrase structure permitted examination of the perceptual segmentation of the excerpt. In Experiment 2, probe-tone ratings (Krumhansl and Kessler, 1982) were used to derive both a measure of perceived distance traveled in key space as well as a measure of temporal orientation — the degree to which listening at each time point was retrospective or prospective. In Experiment 3, a tension contour over the 15 time points was derived from listeners' continuous responding to perceived tension throughout the excerpt. In Experiment 4, judgments of consonance/dissonance for each sonority, isolated from context and presented in random order in a randomly selected transposition, were obtained from piano students unfamiliar with the excerpt. Strong correspondences were found between the perceptual measures and related music-theoretic predictors generated from TPS. The tension contour was regressed on TPS predictors. Both sensitivity to hierarchical structure and expectancies arising from voice leading, as well as the overall melodic contour, significantly contributed to the prediction of perceived tension.

Time Estimation Performance Before, during and after Physical Activity

1988 ◽  
Vol 32 (15) ◽  
pp. 985-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mihaly ◽  
P.A. Hancock ◽  
M. Vercruyssen ◽  
M. Rahimi
Keyword(s):  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Knowledge Of Results ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Experimental Findings

An experiment is reported which evaluated performance on a 10-sec time interval estimation task before, during and after physical work on cycle ergometer at intensities of 30 and 60% VO2max, as scaled to the individual subject. Results from the eleven subjects tested indicate a significant increase in variability of estimates during exercise compared to non-exercise phases. Such a trend was also seen in the mean of estimates, where subjects significantly underestimated the target interval (10 seconds) during exercise. Subjects also performed more accurately with information feedback than without knowledge of results, but they were still not able to overcome the effects of exercise. As suggested by the experimental findings, decreased estimation accuracy and increased variability can be expected during physical work and is part of a body of evidence which indicates that exercise and its severity has a substantive impact on perceptual and cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Preliminary evidence for altered interoceptive processing in smokers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Todd ◽  
Farah Hina ◽  
Jane E Aspell
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Nicotine Addiction ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Interoceptive Awareness ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Addiction Severity ◽  
Bodily States

AbstractBackgroundNeuroimaging evidence suggests that interoceptive processing might be altered in nicotine addiction, however this has not yet been confirmed with behavioral measures. Therefore, we investigated the perception of internal bodily states in smokers (49) and people who had never smoked (n=51), by measuring interoceptive sensitivity (IS) and interoceptive awareness (IA).MethodsIS was measured with a heartbeat tracking task and a heartbeat discrimination task. Performance on the heartbeat tracking task may be influenced by one's ability to estimate an elapsed time interval so this was controlled by a time-estimation (TE) task. IA was measured using two sub-scales from the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA). Participants in the ‘addiction’ group completed the Revised Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND-R) to measure addiction severity.ResultsIndependent-samples t-tests revealed that non-smokers performed significantly better than smokers on the heartbeat tracking task (p = 0.007, d = 0.22). There were no group differences observed for the remaining variables. Furthermore, none of the variables predicted addiction severity.ConclusionsThis is the first demonstration of behavioral differences in interoception in participants with nicotine addiction. When considered in the context of previous research, these findings support the hypothesis that interoceptive processing may be disturbed in addiction. These data also support the hypothesis that behavioral and self-report measures of interoception assess two separate constructs.

Tonalité immanenté, tonalite manlfestee Quelques ré flexions à propos de Tonal Pitch Space de Fred Lerdahl

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Meeùs
Keyword(s):  
Tonal Pitch ◽  
Pitch Space

La théorie de Tonal Pitch Space, contrairement à d'autres theories spatiales de la tonalité, est une théorie du systeme tonal plutôt que du discours tonal. L'espace décrit et les distances qu'on peut y mesurer sont precompositionnelles; les contraintes de type fonctionnel qui peuvent regir les deplacements” dans l'espace ne sont pas reellement considerees parce qu'elles n'appartiennent pas au niveau du systeme immanent. D'autres theories au contraire, notamment les theories transformationnelles, privilegient la description des mouvements et des transformations et n'utilisent l'espace tonal que comme visualisation des contraintes auxquelles ils sont soumis. Ces deux types de description doivent Stre considers comme complementaires.

scholarly journals Time Estimation and Production in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND)

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie L. Doyle ◽  
Erin E. Morgan ◽  
Erica Weber ◽  
Steven Paul Woods ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Hiv Disease ◽  
Interval Duration ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Level Effect ◽  
Hiv Associated Neurocognitive Disorders

AbstractThe ability to accurately perceive the passage of time relies on several neurocognitive abilities, including attention, memory, and executive functions, which are domains commonly affected in persons living with HIV disease. The current study examined time estimation and production and their neurocognitive correlates in a sample of 53 HIV+ individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), 120 HIV+ individuals without HAND, and 113 HIV− individuals. Results revealed a moderate main effect of HAND on time estimation and a trend-level effect on time production, but no interaction between HAND and time interval duration. Correlational analyses revealed that time estimation in the HIV+ group was associated with attention, episodic memory and time-based prospective memory. Findings indicate that individuals with HAND evidence deficits in time interval judgment suggestive of failures in basic attentional and memory processes. (JINS, 2015, 21, 175–181)

Effects of a Preparatory Singing Pattern on Melodic Dictation Success

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan O. Buonviri
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Silent Interval ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Chord Sequence ◽  
Equivalent Time ◽  
Melodic Dictation ◽  
Interval Condition ◽  
Music Education Majors

The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of a preparatory contextual singing pattern on melodic dictation test scores. Forty-nine undergraduate music education majors took melodic dictations under three conditions. After hearing an orienting chord sequence, they (1) sang a preparatory solfége pattern in the key, meter, and tempo of the target dictations in the first condition; (2) prepared themselves silently during an equivalent time interval in the second condition; and (3) took the dictations immediately in the third condition. A repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc analysis revealed that participants scored significantly higher when they heard the dictation immediately following the chord sequence than when they sang the preparatory pattern first. Participants may have been distracted by the additional task of singing, interfering with their focus on the ensuing dictation. They reported a variety of preparatory strategies during the silent interval condition, suggesting that dictation students may benefit from learning multiple strategies and choosing what works best for them. Future research might investigate the relationship between strategies used during dictation and strategies used just prior to dictation. Implications for music educators include the need for careful decisions regarding when and how to combine musical tasks for student learning.

Calculating Tonal Tension

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Lerdahl
Keyword(s):  
Voice Leading ◽  
Hierarchical Approach ◽  
Directed Motion ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Generative Theory ◽  
Tonal Pitch ◽  
Pitch Space

The prolongational component in A Generative Theory of Tonal Music assigns tensing and relaxing patterns to tonal sequences but does not adequately describe degrees of harmonic and melodic tension. This paper offers solutions to the problem, first by adapting the distance algorithm from the theory of tonal pitch space for the purpose of quantifying sequential and hierarchical harmonic tension. The method is illustrated for the beginning of the Mozart Sonata, K. 282, with emphasis on the hierarchical approach. The paper then turns to melodic tension in the context of the anchoring of dissonance. Interrelated attraction algorithms are proposed that incorporate the factors of stability, proximity, and directed motion. A distinction is developed between the tension of distance and the tension of attraction. The attraction and distance algorithms are combined in a view of harmony as voice leading, leading to a second analysis of the opening phrase of the Mozart in terms of voiceleading motion. Connections with recent theoretical and psychological work are discussed.

Information-Processing Characteristics of Explicit Time Estimation by Patients with Schizophrenia and Normal Controls

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph I. Tracy ◽  
Catherine Monaco ◽  
Heidi McMichael ◽  
Karen Tyson ◽  
Cathy Chambliss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Interval Estimation ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Chronic Schizophrenia ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Normal Controls

The information-processing characteristics of time estimation have not been well-documented. This research investigated explicit time estimation to test whether (1) it can occur “automatically” and (2) the cognitive function generally known as “working memory” predicts accuracy of time estimation. Data on two tasks requiring explicit time judgement (time interval estimation and production) are reported for a sample of 43 normal, healthy controls and 19 inpatients with chronic schizophrenia. Each task was given in a standard (passing time interval is unfilled) and dual-task format (interval is filled by oral reading). Multivariate analysis of variance suggested that for both patients' and the normal controls' time estimation accuracy was (1) highly sensitive to whether a passing interval was filled with a concurrent activity such as reading and (2) predictable on the basis of age, education, and working memory skills. Also, the effect of the dual-task manipulation did vary as a function of psychosis for the Time Interval Production task. The data suggest that procedures for explicit time judgements do not occur automatically and utilize controlled processes such as working memory.

Tonal Pitch Space

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Lerdahl
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Music Psychology ◽  
Tonal Pitch ◽  
Pitch Space

Models of pitch space have been developed in music psychology to account for perceived proximity among pitches, chords, or regions. This article introduces a different model that (1) treats pitches, chords, and regions within one framework, (2) correlates with the experimental data, and (3) connects in interesting ways with a variety of music theories.

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