scholarly journals Remains of the 19th Century: Deep storage of contaminated hydraulic mining sediment along the Lower Yuba River, California

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler K. Nakamura ◽  
Michael Bliss Singer ◽  
Emmanuel J. Gabet
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
Hydraulic Mining ◽  
Sierra Nevada Foothills ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Storage

Since the onset of hydraulic gold mining in California’s Sierra Nevada foothills in 1852, the environmental damage caused by displacement and storage of hydraulic mining sediment (HMS) has been a significant ecological problem downstream. Large volumes of mercury-laden HMS from the Yuba River watershed were deposited within the river corridor, creating the anthropogenic Yuba Fan. However, there are outstanding uncertainties about how much HMS is still contained within this fan. To quantify the deep storage of HMS in the Yuba Fan, we analyzed mercury concentrations of sediment samples collected from borings and outcrops at multiple depths. The mercury concentrations served as chemostratigraphic markers to identify the contacts between the HMS and underlying pre-mining deposits. The HMS had mercury concentrations at least ten-fold higher than pre-mining deposits. Analysis of the lower Yuba Fan’s volume suggests that approximately 8.1 × 107 m3 of HMS was deposited within the study area between 1852 and 1999, representing ~32% of the original Yuba Fan delivered by 19th Century hydraulic gold mining. Our estimate of the mercury mass contained within this region is 6.7 × 103 kg, which is several orders of magnitude smaller than what was estimated to have been lost to the mining process. We suggest that this discrepancy is likely due to a combination of missing (yet to be found) mercury masses stored upstream, overestimated losses during mining, and high delivery of mercury to the lowland Sacramento Valley and to the San Francisco Bay-Delta system, where it poses a great risk to sensitive ecosystems.

Gold Mining

2019 ◽  
pp. 22-47
Author(s):  
David Vogel
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Federal Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Hydraulic Mining ◽  
History Of

This chapter, which begins by exploring California's early history, demonstrates the critical role played by both geography and public policy in shaping the state's early economic development, the environmental impacts of that development, and the state's efforts to address those impacts. The discovery of gold in the Sierra foothills in 1848 literally created the state of California. However, the geography of those foothills and the valley into which their rivers flowed also made gold mining one of the most environmentally destructive natural resource activities in nineteenth-century America. It sharply divided the business interests of northern California, leading to a prolonged and bitter battle between mining companies and farmers in the Sacramento Valley. This conflict was finally resolved by a federal court decision in 1884 that banned hydraulic mining—the first important environmental ruling issued by a federal court. This decision was issued in San Francisco by a California judge, illustrating the important role played by the state in the history of pollution control in the United States.

Henry George on Two Continents: A Comparative Study in the Diffusion of Ideas

1959 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Schiffrin ◽  
Pow-Key Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Land Value ◽  
Land Grabbing ◽  
Henry George ◽  
History Of ◽  
China And Japan ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The impact of Henry George's land value taxation theory was nothing less than global in scope, and his epochal Progress and Poverty – first published in 1879 – gained wider fame than any other political or socio-economic treatise emanating from an American pen. While George's doctrine was essentially a product of of his experience in California during the land-grabbing 60's and 70's, the most pervasive influence of the San Francisco sage was not manifested at home, but in Europe, Australasia and other distant places.It is with some aspects of this remarkable diffusion of Georgeism during the latter part of the 19th century that this study is concerned. In particular, we would like to examine the circumstances under which this ideological stimulus was transmitted and received in such divergent settings as England, China and Japan. First we will trace the history of the Georgeist influence in each of these countries and then compare their respective patterns of development.

The 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Elizabeth Hough ◽  
Roger G. Bilham
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Westward Expansion ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Collective Psyche ◽  
Large Earthquakes

By 1886 the population of the United States had grown to over 50 million people. Both the East Coast and the Midwest were by this time well populated with bustling towns and cities. Railroads had sprung up as well, greatly facilitating land travel, which in turn helped spark further migration and trade. The tide of westward expansion had long since steamrolled over whatever reservations the New Madrid earthquakes might have caused. By 1886 the gold rush was already several decades old, and San Francisco had grown into a lively urban center with a population of 35,000—about 5,000 more than the population of Chicago. A number of notable earthquakes had occurred in California by the end of the 19th century. While the massive Fort Tejon earthquake of 1857 occurred too early in the state’s history to leave a lasting impression on the collective psyche, large earthquakes along the eastern Sierras in 1872 and on the Hayward fault in 1872 had begun to suggest that California might be earthquake country. Still, as of the late 1800s people had nothing approaching a modern understanding of earthquakes—neither their underlying physical processes nor their fundamental characteristics. As the 19th century drew to a close, scientists did not have any way to gauge the overall size of an earthquake, for scales had been developed only to rank the severity of shaking from a particular earthquake at a particular location. Whereas scientists today can easily rank temblors in terms of their overall size, or energy release, in earlier times people could only gauge an earthquake’s overall effects, an assessment that can sometimes prove misleading. For example, the overall reach of earthquake shaking depends on the nature of the rocks through which the waves travel. As noted in chapter 5, waves travel especially efficiently in central and eastern North America, and especially inefficiently in California. Thus an earthquake of a given magnitude will pack a disproportionately heavy punch in the former region.

scholarly journals LANSKAP PERTAMBANGAN ORANG CINA DI MONTERADO, KALIMANTAN BARAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Putu Prajna Yogi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The arrival of Chinese People on a large scale in the early 18th century in West Kalimantan due to the presence of a large gold potential in the area. Monterado is one of the gold mining landscape in West Kalimantan. This cultural landscape shows the activity of big mining and technology owned by the Chinese miners. In addition to the ability to mine, it turns out the Chinese also formed an organization called "kongsi" to support the mining activities. Settlements and cities that grew as a result of gold mining Monterado appear in coastal areas, which is currently a Singkawang. The dissolution of the kongsi in Monterado in the middle of the 19th century, led to stop mining activities in Monterado Similarly, for mining authority was taken over by the colonial, but the miners did not agree with it and choose to stop mining.Kedatangan orang Cina di Kalimantan Barat dalam sekala besar terjadi pada abad ke 18 Masehi, dikarenakan adanya potensi emas di wilayah tersebut. Monterado adalah salah satu lanskap pertambangan emas terbesar di Kalimantan Barat. Lanskap budaya tersebut menunjukan aktifitas pertambangan yang besar dan teknologi yang dimiliki oleh para penambang Cina pada saat itu. Selain kemampuan untuk tambang, ternyata China juga membentuk sebuah organisasi yang disebut "kongsi" untuk mendukung kegiatan pertambangan. Pemukiman dan kota-kota yang tumbuh sebagai pengaruh dari pertambangan emas Monterado muncul di wilayah pesisir, yang saat ini menjadi Kota Singkawang. Data mengenai permukiman di lokasi tambang sangat minim, hal tersebut diperkirakan masyarakat tambang lebih memilih untuk menetap di daerah pelabuhan. Namun, beberapa kuburan Cina dan sisa tiang rumah ditemukan di lokasi tambang. Pembubaran kongsi di Monterado di pertengahan abad ke-19 menyebabkan berhentinya kegiatan pertambangan di lokasi tersebut. Setelah pertambangan diambil alih oleh pemerintah Belanda para penambang emas Cina tetap memilih untuk tidak menambang lagi sebab kegiatan menambang emas tersebut dianggap sudah tidak menguntungkan.

scholarly journals Proyectos en torno al convento de San Francisco el Grande de Madrid: incertidumbres urbanísticas e indefinición paisajística | Projects concerning the convent of San Francisco el Grande in Madrid: urban uncertainty and landscaping indefinition

ZARCH ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
Benito Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Empty Space ◽  
Royal Palace ◽  
Historical Cartography ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

La tradición ha hecho de la llamada Cornisa oeste de Madrid su imagen más definitoria y distintiva. El Palacio Real y el colindante convento de San Francisco el Grande son sus elementos patrimoniales más significativos. Previa a su desamortización y posterior demolición, el convento ocupaba una vasta extensión de terreno, formada por huertas, patios y claustros ajardinados, que se distribuían de manera orgánica en terrazas descendentes hacia el río Manzanares. En la actualidad un gran vacío rodea su basílica, el único vestigio conventual. Desde el siglo XIX varias controvertidas propuestas han tratado de caracterizar y revitalizar ese espacio indefinido, regenerar su degradado entorno y dar así continuidad paisajística a la Cornisa. El presente estudio pretende valorar la evolución del entorno del convento, intentando explicar el porqué de esa especie de no-lugar, mediante la comparación y revisión de la cartografía histórica, las representaciones existentes y los diferentes proyectos de intervención planteados en la zona.The tradition has made the so-named west Cornice of Madrid the most defining and distinctive image of the city. The Royal Palace and the nearby Convent of San Francisco el Grande are its most significant heritage elements. Before its confiscation and subsequent partial demolition, the convent occupied a vast extension of land, formed by orchards, patios and gardened cloisters, organically distributed on terraces descending towards the River Manzanares. Nowadays, a large empty space encircles the Basilica, which is the only remaining convent vestige. From the 19th Century onwards, several controversial proposals aimed to characterize and revitalize this undefined space, regenerate its deteriorated surroundings and thus provide landscaping continuity to the fragmented Cornice. The present study attempts to assess the evolution of the convent environment and explain the reason of this “no-place” by comparing and reviewing historical cartography, existing representations and the different intervention projects proposed for the area.

scholarly journals ABAY’S HERITAGE FROM THE FUND OF THE CENTRAL SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.O. Smagulova ◽  
◽  
M.K. Begimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Poet ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Central Scientific

The works of the great poet, humanist Abay is known not only in his country, but throughout the world. His works are connected with the realities of life. The poet’s heritage created at the end of the 19th century has reached subsequent generations in the form of manuscripts collected by children and relatives who are interested in his work. The manuscripts played a significant role in the propaganda of the poet Abay’s works. This article has analyzed the versions of the manuscripts of Abay’s heritage from the collection of Zeinelgabiden ibn Amre, Murseit Bikeuly, Nugerbek Kudabayuly, etc. stored in the rare fund of the Central Scientific Library, and also some differences and similarities had been reveald. The moment of appearance and storage conditions of the manuscripts of Abay’s poems in the library is being specified. The conclusions of scientists regarding the use of Abay’s manuscripts are considered.

scholarly journals Die Entwicklung der Homöopathie in den Vereinigten Staaten

Gesnerus ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 84-100
Author(s):  
Josef M. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

After an enormous spread in the United States of America during the 19th century homeopathy had almost completely vanished from the scene by the beginning of the 20th century. For the past two decades, however, it seems once again to experience a kind of renaissance. Major aspects of this development—in terms of medical and cultural history, sociology, politics, and economics—are illustrated on the basis of a general history of homeopathy in the United States. Using original sources, a first attempt is made to reconstruct the history of homeopathy in San Francisco which has some institutional peculiarities that make it unique within the whole country.

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