scholarly journals The role of biological control in the sustainability of the Cuban agri-food system

Elem Sci Anth ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilda Pérez-Consuegra ◽  
Luis Mirabal ◽  
Luis C. Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Food System ◽  
Predatory Mites ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Augmentative Biological Control ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World

We analyze the role biological control plays in the Cuban agri-food system and discuss an experience at the country level that demonstrates that the pest problem can be handled through an ecological and sustainable approach. Biological control is one of the key components of a systemic approach that characterizes pest management. Its implementation has led to the removal of a group of highly dangerous pesticides from the Official List of Authorized Pesticides and reduced use of others. Greater emphasis has been placed on augmentative biological control, which is a tendency repeated throughout the world. In Cuba, rudimentary production occurs in 176 Centers for the Reproduction of Entomophages and Entomopathogens (CREE) located throughout the country; four industrial production plants are in operation, as are pilot plants and facilities in research centers. The biological control agents that are most reproduced are the parasitoids Lixophaga diatraeae (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the entomopathogens Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae), and Beauveria bassiana sensu lato (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae); the antagonist Trichoderna Persoon (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Hypocreaceae); and the nematodes of the Heterorhabditis Poinar (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) genus. The use of predatory mites in inoculative strategies is limited due to their restricted availability, in spite of the fact that different alternatives have been evaluated for their massive reproduction with encouraging results. The achievements and progress obtained in classical and augmentative biological control and the changes in the understanding and thinking in Cuban agricultural have laid strong foundations for biological control through conservation of natural enemies. This latter strategy is greatly valued in sustainable agriculture. Please refer to Supplementary Materials, Full text Spanish version of this article, for a full text Spanish version of this article.

scholarly journals Classification and infection mechanism of entomopathogenic fungi

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margy Alejandra Esparza Mora ◽  
Alzimiro Marcelo Conteiro Castilho ◽  
Marcelo Elias Fraga
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Entomopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Insect Cuticle ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
Infection Mechanism ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

ABSTRACT: Entomopathogenic fungi are important biological control agents throughout the world, have been the subject of intensive research for more than 100 years, and can occur at epizootic or enzootic levels in their host populations. Their mode of action against insects involves attaching a spore to the insect cuticle, followed by germination, penetration of the cuticle, and dissemination inside the insect. Strains of entomopathogenic fungi are concentrated in the following orders: Hypocreales (various genera), Onygenales (Ascosphaera genus), Entomophthorales, and Neozygitales (Entomophthoromycota).

Googling Investor Sentiment around the World

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Gao ◽  
Haohan Ren ◽  
Bohui Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Investor Sentiment ◽  
Search Behavior ◽  
Market Returns ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Google Search

We study how investor sentiment affects stock prices around the world. Relying on households’ Google search behavior, we construct a weekly measure of sentiment for 38 countries during 2004–2014. We validate the sentiment index in tests using sports outcomes and show that the sentiment measure is a contrarian predictor of country-level market returns. Furthermore, we document an important role of global sentiment in stock markets.

Shifting and sharing adjustment burdens: the role of the industrial food importing nations

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-677
Author(s):  
Robert L. Paarlberg
Keyword(s):  
Food System ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
Burden Sharing ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
World Food ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Stability

Too often world food problems are viewed as North-South problems, as matters to be resolved between rich and poor. In fact, most world food trade takes place entirely among the rich. The industrial nations of the European Community, Japan, and the USSR import more food today than all of the poor countries combined. These industrial food importing nations make a dubious contribution to the stability and security of the world food system. In different measure, they seek to shift adjustment burdens onto others, to enjoy something of a free ride. All have subsidized production for export in times of world surplus, and all have stepped ahead of poor countries to purchase high priced imports in times of scarcity. To these burden-shifting trade policies, the USSR in particular adds its own troublesome nonparticipation in most multilateral efforts at world food policy management. Prospects for improved burden sharing in the future are dim. Fortunately, the world food system still gains most of its stability and security from separate production decisions within nations, rather than from collective storage, trade, or aid decisions among nations.

Rhyzobius ventralis (Erichson) and R. forestieri (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), their biology and value for scale insect control

1981 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aola M. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Colour Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
Wax Production ◽  
Sydney Australia

AbstractLife-cycles and voltinism are described for Rhyzobius ventralis (Erichs.) and R. forestieri (Muls.) living in the region of Sydney, Australia, and also the role each plays in its particular biocoenosis. Colour variation and wax production are described for the larvae, prepupae, pupae and adults of both species, also the defensive and feeding behaviour. New and known host records are listed for both species. Reasons are suggested for the success, partial failure or failure of the species as biological control agents in various parts of the world.

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