scholarly journals An Investigation on the Detectability of Deceptive Intent about Flying through Verbal Deception Detection

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bennett Kleinberg ◽  
Galit Nahari ◽  
Arnoud Arntz ◽  
Bruno Verschuere
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Information Elicitation ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Web App ◽  
Interactive Questioning

Background: Academic research on deception detection has largely focused on the detection of past events. For many applied purposes, however, the detection of false reports about someone’s intention merits attention. Based on the verbal deception detection paradigm, we explored whether true statements on intentions were more detailed and more specific than false statements on intentions, particularly when instructed to be as specific as possible. Method: Participants (n = 222) lied or told the truth about their upcoming travel plans either providing ‘as much information as possible’ (standard instructions) or being ‘as specific as possible’ (i.e., mentioning times, locations, places; specific instructions), resulting in four conditions (truthful vs. deceptive intention by standard vs. specific instructions). We collected data via a custom-made web app and performed automated verbal content analysis of participants’ written answers. Findings: We did not find a significant difference in the specificity of participants’ statements. The instruction to be as specific as possible promoted more specific information but did not help to discern honest from deceptive flying intentions. Conclusion: The experiment reported here attempted to demonstrate automated verbal deception detection of intentions. The difficulty in capturing genuine intentions, and the non-intrusive, non-interactive questioning approach might explain the null findings and raise questions for further research. We conclude with suggestions for a novel framework on semi-interactive information elicitation.

scholarly journals Preprint: An investigation of the detectability of false intent about flying

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bennett Kleinberg ◽  
Galit Nahari ◽  
Arnoud Arntz ◽  
Bruno Verschuere
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Information Elicitation ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Web App ◽  
Interactive Questioning

Background: Academic research on deception detection has largely focused on the detection of past events. For many applied purposes, however, the detection of false reports about someone's intention merits attention. Based on the verbal deception detection paradigm, we explored whether true statements on intentions were more detailed and more specific than false statements on intentions, particularly when instructed to be as specific as possible.Method: Participants (n = 222) lied or told the truth about their upcoming travel plans either providing 'as much information as possible’ (standard instructions) or being 'as specific as possible’ (i.e., mentioning times, locations, places; specific instructions), resulting in four conditions (truthful vs. deceptive intention by standard instructions vs. specific instructions). We collected data via a custom-made web app and performed automated verbal content analysis of participants’ written answers.Findings: We did not find a significant difference in participants’ statements specificity. The instruction to be as specific as possible promoted more specific information but did not help to discern honest from deceptive flying intentions. Conclusion: The experiment reported here attempted to demonstrate automated detection of verbal deception of intentions. The difficulty in capturing genuine, intentions, and the non-intrusive, non-interactive questioning approach might explain the null findings and raise questions for further research towards large-scale applicability. We conclude with suggestions for a novel framework on semi-interactive information elicitation.

scholarly journals The Information Practices of Physical Science Librarians Differ from Those of the Scientific Community: More Research is Needed to Characterize Specific Information Seeking and Use

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Perryman
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Research Dissemination ◽  
Mailing Lists

A Review of: Brown, Cecilia M. and Ortega, Lina. “Information-Seeking Behavior of Physical Science Librarians: Does Research Inform Practice?” College & Research Libraries (2005). 66:231-47. Objective – As part of a larger study exploring the information environments of physical science librarians (Ortega & Brown), the authors’ overall objective for this study is to profile physical science librarians’ information behaviours. The authors’ two-part hypothesis was that first, peer-reviewed journals would be preferred over all other sources for research dissemination, resembling the preferences of scientists, and second, that peer-to-peer consultation would predominate for practice-oriented decisions. Design – Mixed methods: survey questionnaire followed by citation and content analysis. Setting – Five internationally disseminated professional association electronic mailing lists whose readership comprised those with interests in science librarianship: the American Library Association (ALA) Science and Technology Section; the American Society for Information Science & Technology (ASIST) Science and Technology Information Special Interest Group; the Special Library Association (SLA) Chemistry Division and its Physics-Astronomy-Mathematics Division; and the American Geological Institute Geoscience Information Society. Subjects – Seventy-two physical science librarians voluntarily responding to an online survey. Methods – A questionnaire was distributed to inquire about physical science librarians’ professional reading practices as well as their perceptions about the applicability of research to their work. Participants were asked to rank preferences among 11 resource types as sources supporting daily business, including personal communication, conference attendance, electronic mailing lists, and scholarly journals. Differences between the mean rankings of preferences were tested for significance by applying the Friedman test with p>0.0005. Journals identified most frequently were analyzed using the Institute for Scientific Information’s (ISI) Web of Science index and Ulrich’s Periodical Index to measure proportions of research and non-research citations, as well as the general topic areas covered by the journals. Next, content analysis was performed for the years 1995, 1997, and 2000 in order to characterize research methodologies used in the previously identified journals according to a previously tested schema (Buscha & Harter). Results from this portion of the study were compared with participants’ responses about journal usage. Main Results – Librarians reported using personal communication (both face-to-face and electronic mailing lists) more frequently as a means of information gathering than professional journals, Web sites, conferences, trade publications, monographs, or ‘other’ resources. Variations in responses appeared to correlate with years in the profession and in the respondents’ time in their current positions, although there are indications that the importance of all information resources to practice and research declines over time. The relative importance of resources is also shown in time spent reading journal literature, less than 5 hours per week for 86% of participants. Conclusion – For the first hypothesis, the authors found that unlike scientists, survey participants did not prefer research publications as vehicles for dissemination of their research results. For the second, librarians ranked peer-reviewed journals third in preference after personal communication and electronic mailing lists as sources of information supporting daily practice, supporting the second hypothesis that respondents would emulate the information use practices of mathematicians.

scholarly journals The Effect of “High-ankle Sprain” Taping on Ankle Syndesmosis Congruity: A Cadaveric Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Lamer ◽  
Jonah Hébert-Davies ◽  
Vincent Dubé ◽  
Stéphane Leduc ◽  
Émilie Sandman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ankle Sprain ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Cadaveric Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Parametric Data ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Ankle Sprain

Background: Different treatment options exist for dynamically unstable purely ligamentous syndesmotic injury, including surgery, walking boot, brace and taping. Objective: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-ankle sprain taping (ring taping) on syndesmotic stability in various ligament conditions when axial loading is applied. Methods: This controlled cadaveric laboratory study included ten cadaveric specimens installed in a custom-made device applying 750N of axial loading in order to simulate weight-bearing. Sectioning of syndesmotic ligaments, AiTFL and IOL, was done sequentially and CT scan images were taken with and without high-ankle sprain taping. A validated measurement system consisting of 3 lengths and 1 angle was used. Results were compared with Wilcoxon tests for paired samples and non-parametric data. Results: In every ligament condition (intact vs. cut), no statistically significant difference was observed between specimens, with or without high-ankle sprain taping and with or without axial loading. When the data from ankles with AiTFL and IOL ruptures were compared, the mean for length “b” without axial loading was 7.19 (±2.17), compared to 7.20 (±1.98) with axial loading (p-value = 0.905). With taping and the leg still in axial loading, the value was 7.17 (±2.09) (p-value = 0.721), which is not statistically significant. Conclusion: It is impossible to conclude regarding high-ankle sprain taping’s capacity to maintain syndesmosis congruity because no significant difference was observed, regardless of condition. The most important finding is that high-ankle sprain taping did not cause malreduction of the injured syndesmosis. Level of Evidence: Level V cadaveric study

scholarly journals Effect of Addition of Platelet-rich Plasma to Calcium Phosphosilicate Putty on Healing at 9 Months in Periodontal Intrabony Defects

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashi Chug ◽  
Harpreet Singh Grover ◽  
Lanka Mahesh ◽  
Sagrika Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Rich Plasma ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
North India ◽  
Percent Reduction ◽  
Intrabony Defects ◽  
Pocket Depth ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Calcium Phosphosilicate ◽  
Open Flap Debridement

ABSTRACT Background and objective Combination of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and bone substitutes for the surgical treatment of periodontal intrabony defects is based on a sound biologic rationale; however, the clinical results indicative of the synergistic effect of PRP remain ambiguous. The objective of the present study was to clinically and radiographically evaluate the use of calcium phosphosilicate (CPS) putty alone and in combination with PRP in the treatment of periodontal intrabony defects. Materials and methods The study was performed at an outpatient facility at a teaching dental institute in north India. A split-mouth design was employed to assess the clinical parameters and radiographic bone fill following the use of CPS putty with and without PRP in patients scheduled for surgical periodontal treatment of intrabony osseous defects. Each defect was randomized to receive treatment with open flap debridement, with CPS putty alone (Group PUT), or open flap debridement with CPS putty and PRP (Group PRP). Probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and clinical attachment levels (CALs) were recorded at the investigated sites utilizing custom-made reference guides for measurement reproducibility. Standardized periapical radiographs were also obtained to evaluate defect fill at the surgical sites. Results Twenty patients each with at least two defects located in different quadrants were enrolled. The reduction in PPD from baseline to 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 9th month was found to be significant (p < 0.05). The percent reduction in PPD among PUT group was 57.18 ± 10.71% and among PRP group was 51.39 ± 12.60%. No statistically significant difference was observed in the percent reduction in PPD among two groups at 9 months (p = 0.48). Sites in both groups exhibited statistically significant reductions in PI and GI that were maintained throughout the study period. Similar results were seen while measuring CAL. Conclusion Calcium phosphosilicate Putty alone provides significant improvement in outcomes for the treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects. The addition of PRP to CPS putty does not seem to provide any additive benefit to treatment and the additional surgical time and trauma can be avoided. How to cite this article Shukla S, Chug A, Mahesh L, Grover HS. Effect of Addition of Platelet-rich Plasma to Calcium Phosphosilicate Putty on Healing at 9 Months in Periodontal Intrabony Defects. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(3):230-234.

scholarly journals Typology of Business-Related Fake News Online: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 234-243
Author(s):  
Marko Selakovic ◽  
Anna Tarabasz ◽  
Monica Gallant
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
News Online

Objective – This review paper discusses the emergence of scholarly articles related to the typology and classification of fake news and offers solutions for identified gaps, such as unstandardized terminology and unstandardized typology in the field of fake news-related research. Typology of fake news is a critical topic nowadays: recently emerged fake news needs to be categorized and analyzed in a structured manner in order to respond appropriately. Methodology/Technique – Based on the systematic review of literature identified in scientific databases, different typologies of fake news have been identified and a new typology of business-related fake news online has been proposed. New typology of business-related fake news online is based on factors such as level of facticity, intention to deceive and financial motivation. Findings and novelty – Content analysis of 326 articles containing terms related to the typology of fake news and classification of fake news indicates that the term “typology of fake news” is predominantly used in management, marketing and communications research, while the term “classification of fake news” is predominantly used in the information technology research. The content analysis also indicates the recent emergence of the topic of typology and classification of fake news in academic research, revealing that all articles related to these topics have been published on or after 2016. In addition to the contribution by presenting comprehensive typology of business-related fake news online, this paper also provides recommendations for future research and improvements related to the typology of fake news, emphasizing business-related fake news and fake news spread in the digital space. Type of Paper: Review JEL Classification: M31, M39. Keywords: Fake News; Crisis Communications; Online Communications; Digital Marketing; Management Research; Marketing Research Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Selakovic, M; Tarabasz, A; Gallant, M. (2020). Typology of Business-Related Fake News Online: A Literature Review, J. Mgt. Mkt. Review 5(4) 234 – 243. https://doi.org/10.35609/jmmr.2020.5.4(5)

scholarly journals Impact of Treatment Facility Chracteristics on Patient (Pt) Outcomes in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Using Data from the National Cancer Database (NCDB)

Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 22-22
Author(s):  
Allison Taylor ◽  
Kimberley Doucette ◽  
Bryan Chan ◽  
Xiaoyang Ma ◽  
Jaeil Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Rural Residence ◽  
Integrated Network ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction The literature suggests a widespread reduction in the availability and accessibility of newer treatment options among marginalized groups in AML. Studies from large national databases point to lower socio-economic status, Hispanic and African American race, Medicare or no insurance, being unmarried, treatment at non-academic centers, and rural residence as negatively impacting overall survival (OS) and rates of chemotherapy utilization in AML patients (Patel et al. 2015, Jaco et al. 2017, Bhatt et al. 2018, Master et al. 2016). We hypothesized that facility affiliation and pt volume would also have important effects on time to treatment (TTT) and OS in AML, even when these socioeconomic disparities were accounted for. Methods For this retrospective analysis, we used NCDB data that included 124,988 pts over the age of 18 with AML between the years 2004-2016. Variables analyzed included facility types described as community cancer programs (CP), comprehensive community cancer programs (CCP), academic/research center cancer programs (AC) and integrated network cancer programs (IN), and volume of facilities defined as high volume (HV) and low volume (LV). HV facilities had case volumes of ≥ 99th percentile and all other facilities were classified as LV. Multivariate analyses (MVA) included demographic and socioeconomic covariables. We used Cox proportional hazard analysis for both TTT and OS MVA. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate median TTT and OS, and the log rank test used to compare TTT and OS across predictor variables. Results The median age of AML patients was 63 yrs (range 18-90) with 54% males, and 86% Caucasian. Five percent of patients were treated at CP, 30% at CCP, 44% at AC, and 10% at IN. 21% at HV facilities and 79% at LV facilities. Median TTT in days at CP facilities was 7, compared to 5 days in CCP and AC facilities versus 4 days at IN (p&lt;0.0001). TTT was 5 days at HV facilities versus 4 days at LV facilities (p&lt;0.0001). Kaplan-Meier curves showed that TTT was similar between HV and LV facilities(figure 1). The median OS was 3.25 months in CP compared to 4.34 months at CCP, 5.06 months at IN and 9.53 months at AC (p&lt;0.0001). For facility volume, the median OS was 13.11 months in HV facilities compared to 6.93 months in LV facilities (p&lt;0.0001). When sex, race, age, Hispanic Origin, education, urban/rural residence, Charlson-Deyo Comorbidity score and Great Circle Distance were adjusted for in MVA (table 1), the OS was higher in AC versus CP facilities (hazard ratio [HR] of 0.90 (0.87-0.93, p&lt;0.0001), and there was no statistically significant difference with comparison of other facility types to CP. Similarly, there was a lower OS at LV versus HV facilities with a HR of 1.14 (1.12-1.16, p&lt;0.0001). CCP facilities had a shorter TTT compared to CP with a HR of 1.21 (1.17-1.26, p&lt;0.0001). AC had a shorter TTT than CP with a HR of 1.17 (1.13-1.22, p&lt;0.0001), and IN had a shorter TTT compared to CP with a HR of 1.29 (1.24-1.34, p&lt;0.0001). Additionally, TTT in the MVA for facility volume was shorter in LV facilities compared to HV facilities with HR of 1.05 (1.04-1.07, p&lt;0.0001) [table 1]. Conclusion When adjusting for various socioeconomic factors, we found that TTT was longest in CP compared to CCP, AC, and IN. Treatment at a LV facility resulted in a decreased overall survival. LV facilities may be less familiar with treatment regimens for AML, less likely to use novel treatment options, and be less familiar with the disease. We showed that treatment at an AC compared to CP, CCP and IN facilities improved survival. Given poor outcomes for AML, these results show the importance of going to AC and HV facilities with more experience in treating AML for improved outcomes. Disclosures Lai: Astellas: Speakers Bureau; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; Abbvie: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Macrogenics: Consultancy.

scholarly journals Closing the research-implementation gap using data science tools: a case study with pollinators of British Columbia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Melissa Guzman ◽  
Tyler Kelly ◽  
Lora Morandin ◽  
Leithen M’Gonigle ◽  
Elizabeth Elle
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Science Methods ◽  
Research Implementation ◽  
Conservation Practice ◽  
Implementation Gap ◽  
Web App ◽  
Using Data

AbstractA challenge in conservation is the gap between knowledge generated by researchers and the information being used to inform conservation practice. This gap, widely known as the research-implementation gap, can limit the effectiveness of conservation practice. One way to address this is to design conservation tools that are easy for practitioners to use. Here, we implement data science methods to develop a tool to aid in conservation of pollinators in British Columbia. Specifically, in collaboration with Pollinator Partnership Canada, we jointly develop an interactive web app, the goal of which is two-fold: (i) to allow end users to easily find and interact with the data collected by researchers on pollinators in British Columbia (prior to development of this app, data were buried in supplements from individual research publications) and (ii) employ up to date statistical tools in order to analyse phenological coverage of a set of plants. Previously, these tools required high programming competency in order to access. Our app provides an example of one way that we can make the products of academic research more accessible to conservation practitioners. We also provide the source code to allow other developers to develop similar apps suitable for their data.

scholarly journals A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF “MALAYSIAN-LAHAD DATU” CRISIS AND CRISIS RESPONSES IN ETHNIC NEWSPAPERS IN MALAYSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (17) ◽  
pp. 132-143
Author(s):  
Manimegalai Ambikapathy ◽  
Hasmah Zanuddin
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
News Sources ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Crisis Responses

This research was to examine the portrayal of crisis response strategies in Malaysian local vernacular printed dailies in covering terrorism crises which is the Lahad Datu crisis in Malaysia. The researcher relied on Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) and Framing theory to identify the news coverage and appropriate solutions through newspaper framing. Five variables were identified by the researcher in examining crisis response strategies such as news category, news slants, news framing, news sources and portrayal of visuals. Through quantitative content analysis, data revealed that the solution category was portrayed by Nanban daily, but Sin Chew focused on the problem category. For the news slants, Sin Chew daily framed negative slants of news most but Nanban daily portrayed issues in positive slants. In measuring the news frame, both dailies focused more on the attribution of responsibility frame. In examining the crisis response strategies, the researcher found, justification crisis response was portrayed predominantly but there is a significant difference between two different vernacular dailies in the portrayal of justification crisis response followed by concern crisis response. Kruskal Wallis’s test revealed that there is a significant difference in the portrayal of concern response between two dailies however, both newspapers having significant associations in portraying compensation crisis response.

Sharing tourism experiences in social media

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marios D. Sotiriadis
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
Consumer Perspective ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: to perform a synthesis of academic research published between 2009 and 2016 regarding the changes in tourism consumer behavior brought about by the use of social media (SM); and to suggest a set of strategies for tourism businesses to seize opportunities and deal with resulting challenges. Design/methodology/approach A volume of 146 peer-reviewed journal articles were retrieved from two major databases. Content analysis of this academic research has been performed, exploring the effects of online reviews on tourism consumers and providers. Findings The content analysis identified three main research themes that were investigated by scholars and classified into two major categories, namely, consumer perspective and provider perspective: the antecedents (factors motivating and influencing tourists); the influence of online reviews on consumer behaviour; and the impact of these reviews on tourism businesses (providers’ perspective). Research limitations/implications This study is based on a literature review and outcomes reported by previous studies; hence, the suggestions are indicative rather than conclusive. Some publication sources were not included. Practical implications This paper suggests a range of adequate strategies, along with operational actions, formulated for industry practitioners in the fields of management and marketing. Originality/value It provides an update of the state of published academic research into SM and an integrated set of management and marketing strategies for tourism providers in seizing the opportunities and dealing with the challenges raised in a digital context.

Effect of 10% and 15% Carbamide Peroxide on Fracture Toughness of Human Dentin In Situ

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
LE Tam ◽  
P Bahrami ◽  
O Oguienko ◽  
H Limeback
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Carbamide Peroxide ◽  
Tooth Sensitivity ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Dental Hard Tissues ◽  
Significant Difference

SUMMARY Purpose Although damage to the structural integrity of the tooth is not usually considered a significant problem associated with tooth bleaching, there have been some reported negative effects of bleaching on dental hard tissues in vitro. More studies are needed to determine whether the observed in vitro effects have practical clinical implications regarding tooth structural durability. Objectives This in situ study evaluated the effect of 10% and 15% carbamide peroxide (CP) dental bleach, applied using conventional whitening trays by participants at home, on the fracture toughness of dentin. Methods Ninety-one adult volunteers were recruited (n ≈ 30/group). Compact fracture toughness specimens (approximately 4.5 × 4.6 × 1.7 mm) were prepared from the coronal dentin of recently extracted human molars and gamma-radiated. One specimen was fitted into a prepared slot, adjacent to a maxillary premolar, within a custom-made bleaching tray that was made for each adult participant. The participants were instructed to wear the tray containing the dentin specimen with placebo, 10% CP, or 15% CP treatment gel overnight for 14 nights and to store it in artificial saliva when not in use. Pre-bleach and post-bleach tooth color and tooth sensitivity were also evaluated using ranked shade tab values and visual analogue scales (VASs), respectively. Within 24–48 hours after the last bleach session, the dentin specimens were tested for fracture toughness using tensile loading at 10 mm/min. Analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, χ2, Tukey's, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis. The level of significance was set at p&lt;0.05 for all tests, except for the Mann-Whitney U tests, which used a Bonferroni correction for post hoc analyses of the nonparametric data (p&lt;0.017). Results The placebo, 10% CP, and 15% CP groups contained 30, 31, and 30 participants, respectively. Mean fracture toughness (+ standard deviation) for the placebo, 10% CP, and 15% CP groups were 2.3 ± 0.9, 2.2 ± 0.7, and 2.0 ± 0.5 MPa*m1/2 respectively. There were no significant differences in mean fracture toughness results among the groups (p=0.241). The tooth sensitivity VAS scores indicated a significantly greater incidence (p=0.000) and degree of tooth sensitivity (p=0.049 for VAS change and p=0.003 for max VAS) in the bleach groups than in the placebo group. The color change results showed generally greater color change in the bleach groups than in the placebo group (p=0.008 for shade guide determination and p=0.000 for colorimeter determination). Conclusions There were no significant differences in in situ dentin fracture toughness results among the groups. The results of this study provide some reassurance that dentin is not overtly weakened by the bleaching protocol used in this study. However, the lack of a statistically significant difference cannot be used to state that there is no effect of bleach on dentin fracture toughness.

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