scholarly journals Birth Order Does Not Affect Ability to Detect Kin

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Fasolt ◽  
Iris J. Holzleitner ◽  
Anthony J. Lee ◽  
Kieran J. O’Shea ◽  
Lisa M. DeBruine
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Judgment Accuracy ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Unrelated Child ◽  
Main Factor

Previous studies suggest that birth order affects kinship detection ability. Kaminski et al. (2010) argued that firstborns use contextual cues (e.g., maternal perinatal association) to assess kinship in their own family, leading to a disadvantage in assessing kinship from facial cues alone in strangers. In contrast, laterborns do not have the contextual cue of maternal perinatal association and hence rely more on facial cues, leading to an advantage in detecting kin from facial cues alone. However, Alvergne et al. (2010) found no evidence in support of such a birthorder effect. The current study aimed to replicate previous studies with better suited methods to determine the effect of birth order on kin recognition. 109 raters viewed 132 pairs of photographs of children (aged 3–17 years), and indicated whether each pair was related or unrelated. Half of the pairs were sibling pairs and half were unrelated child pairs that were age- and gender- matched to the related pairs. No image was shown more than once, related pairs were not known to be related to any other image in the study, and individuals from unrelated pairs were not known to be related to any other image. We used binomial logistic mixed effects modelling to predict kinship judgments from relatedness and birth order (with image pair and rater as random factors). Relatedness was the main factor driving kinship judgments; related child-pairs were more than twice as likely as unrelated pairs to be judged as kin. Kinship judgment accuracy was unaffected by rater birth order. These findings indicate that laterborns did not have an advantage in detecting child sibling pairs. Pre-registration, data, code, and preprint available at osf.io/h43ep.

scholarly journals Birth order does not affect ability to detect kin

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Fasolt ◽  
Iris Jasmin Holzleitner ◽  
Kieran J. O'Shea ◽  
Anthony J Lee ◽  
Lisa Marie DeBruine
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Judgment Accuracy ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Detection Ability ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Unrelated Child ◽  
Main Factor

Previous studies suggest that birth order affects kinship detection ability. Kaminski et al. (2010) argued that firstborns use contextual cues (e.g. maternal perinatal association) to assess kinship in their own family, leading to a disadvantage in assessing kinship from facial cues alone in strangers. In contrast, laterborns do not have the contextual cue of maternal perinatal association and hence rely more on facial cues, leading to an advantage in detecting kin from facial cues alone. However, Alvergne et al. (2010) found no evidence in support of such a birthorder effect. The current study aimed to replicate previous studies with better suited methods to determine the effect of birth order on kin recognition. 109 raters viewed 132 pairs of photographs of children (aged 3-17 years), and indicated whether each pair was related or unrelated. Half of the pairs were sibling pairs and half were unrelated child pairs that were age- and gender- matched to the related pairs. No image was shown more than once, related pairs were not known to be related to any other image in the study, and individuals from unrelated pairs were not known to be related to any other image. We used binomial logistic mixed effects modelling to predict kinship judgments from relatedness and birth order (with image pair and rater as random factors). Relatedness was the main factor driving kinship judgments; related child-pairs were more than twice as likely as unrelated pairs to be judged as kin. Kinship judgment accuracy was unaffected by rater birth order. These findings indicate that laterborns did not have an advantage in detecting child sibling pairs.

Depicting emotions for a male or for a female audience: Do children adapt the content of their drawings to the audience gender?

2021 ◽  
pp. 016502542110316
Author(s):  
Claire Brechet ◽  
Sara Creissen ◽  
Lucie D’Audigier ◽  
Nathalie Vendeville
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Children's Drawings ◽  
Emotional Information ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Audience Control ◽  
Children’S Drawings ◽  
Explicit Mention ◽  
Female Audience ◽  
Therapeutic Settings

When depicting emotions, children have been shown to alter the content of their drawings (e.g., number and types of expressive cues) depending on the characteristics of the audience (i.e., age, familiarity, and authority). However, no study has yet investigated the influence of the audience gender on children’s depiction of emotions in their drawings. This study examined whether drawing for a male versus for a female audience have an impact on the number and type of emotional information children use to depict sadness, anger, and fear. Children aged 7 ( N = 92) and 9 ( N = 126) were asked to draw a figure and then to produce three drawings of a person, to depict three emotions (sadness, anger, fear). Children were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions: they were instructed either to draw with no explicit mention of an audience (control condition) or to draw so that the depicted emotion would be recognized by a male (male audience condition) or by a female (female audience condition). A content analysis was conducted on children’s drawings, revealing the use of seven types of graphic cues for each emotion. We found numerous differences between the three conditions relative to the type of cues used by children to depict emotions, particularly for anger and fear and particularly at the age of 7. Overall, children used facial cues more frequently for a female audience and contextual cues more frequently for a male audience. These results are discussed in terms of their implications in clinical, educational, and therapeutic settings.

scholarly journals Effects of age on the frequency of micronuclei and degenerative nuclear abnormalities

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Alves Ferraz ◽  
Antônio de Oliveira Costa Neto ◽  
Eneida de Moraes Marcílio Cerqueira ◽  
José Roberto Cardoso Meireles
Keyword(s):  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Degenerative Changes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Exfoliated Cells ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Interview Questionnaire ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract The effects of aging, gender and lifestyle factors on inducing chromosomal damage (micronuclei) and nuclear degenerative changes were assessed using the micronucleus test on exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa. The sample included 80 healthy subjects divided into four groups according to age and gender: men and women aged 19-29 years (M19, W19) and men and women aged over sixty years (M60, W60). An interview questionnaire was used to characterize the sample and to determine an index reflecting lifestyle (HLI). The frequency of micronuclei and nuclear degenerative changes was significantly higher among the elderly (p<0.001) and did not differ by gender among young people (p>0.05). The occurrence of micronuclei was similar among elderly men and women (p>0.10), but karyorrhexis and karyolysis were more frequent among men (p<0.005 and p<0.025, respectively), who also had a lower HLI than the other groups (p<0.0004). The results of the study indicate that age is the main factor associated with the induction of genetic material damage.

scholarly journals The Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) Responsive Parenting Intervention for Firstborns Affects Dietary Intake of Secondborn Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (8) ◽  
pp. 2139-2146
Author(s):  
Emily E Hohman ◽  
Jennifer S Savage ◽  
Leann L Birch ◽  
Ian M Paul
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Order Effects ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Responsive Parenting ◽  
First Time Mothers ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT Background Although previous work has shown that children with older siblings tend to have poorer diet quality, no study has directly compared diets of infant siblings. Objective The goals of this analysis were to examine birth-order differences in dietary intake between firstborn (FB) and secondborn (SB) siblings, and to determine whether a responsive parenting (RP) intervention modified birth-order effects on diet. Methods The Intervention Nurses Start Infants Growing on Healthy Trajectories (INSIGHT) study randomly assigned first-time mothers to an RP intervention, which included guidance on feeding, sleep, soothing, and interactive play, or control. INSIGHT mothers who delivered a second child enrolled in an observation-only study of their SB infant (SIBSIGHT). Mothers completed FFQs for both children at ages 6 (n = 97 sibling pairs) and 12 (n = 100) mo. FB compared with SB intake of food groups of interest were compared, and the moderating effect of the RP intervention on birth-order differences was tested using generalized linear mixed models. Results Though FBs and SBs had similar diets, more FBs than SBs consumed 100% fruit juice at both 6 (13.8 compared with 3.2%, P = 0.006) and 12 mo (46.0 compared with 32.0%, P = 0.01). SBs consumed fruit more frequently (FB 2.8 compared with SB 3.2 times/d, P = 0.01), and were more likely to consume fried potatoes (FB 38.4 compared with SB 57.6%, P = 0.0009) and processed meats (FB 43.0 compared with SB 58.0%, P = 0.02) than FBs at 12 mo. There were no differences by birth order in intake of sweets, snacks, or sugar-sweetened beverages at 12 mo. At 12 mo, RP-group SBs ate vegetables more times per day (3.2) than control SBs (2.2, P = 0.01). RP-SBs also consumed a greater variety of vegetables (10.2) than control-SBs (7.9, P = 0.01). Conclusions Birth order is not consistently associated with healthy or unhealthy infant dietary intake. However, an RP intervention delivered to first-time mothers may benefit subsequent infants’ vegetable intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01167270.

Reflections on the Human Face

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 738-739
Author(s):  
Steven Z. Rapcsak
Keyword(s):  
Social Communication ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Human Face ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Genetically Determined

The significance of the human face in social interaction can hardly be overestimated. We rely primarily on facial appearance in discriminating between members of our species, but we also use the face to judge the age and gender of a person and to interpret his or her emotional state. We find certain faces pleasant or attractive, attribute personality characteristics to people such as intelligence or honesty based on physiognomy, and use facial cues to guess people's intentions and predict their behavior toward us. Similarly, we can gauge the effect of our words or actions on others by the feedback we receive from their faces. The face assumes a privileged role in social communication almost immediately after birth, suggesting that the neural systems underlying various facial behaviors are to a large extent innately specified and genetically determined.

School Engagement and Achievement in Sibling Pairs: Gender and Birth Order Matter

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larissa M. Troesch ◽  
Thomas Ledermann ◽  
Joseph W. Jones ◽  
Alexander Grob
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Actor Partner Interdependence Model ◽  
Same Gender ◽  
Opposite Gender ◽  
Older Siblings

School engagement has been shown to be a strong predictor for school achievement. Previous studies have focused on the role of individual and contextual factors to explain school achievement, with few examining the role of siblings. This study used data of 451 adolescent sibling pairs from the Iowa Youth and Families Project to investigate the associations between school engagement and achievement in siblings by considering gender composition and birth order. Data were collected in families’ home and obtained for a target child in the 7th grade and for a sibling within 4 years of age. Average age of younger siblings (55% female) was 11.56 (SD = 1.27), while older siblings (49% female) had an average age of 13.92 (SD = 1.47). Using the two-member, four-group actor-partner interdependence model (APIM), results showed that older siblings’ engagement was positively related with younger siblings’ achievement in same-gender sibling pairs, but not in sibling pairs of opposite gender. Younger siblings’ engagement was independent of older siblings’ achievement regardless of siblings’ gender. Implications for parents and professionals suggest that support for older siblings could also benefit younger siblings in same gender pairs.

‘A smile stands for health and a bed for illness’: Graphic cues in children’s drawings

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (7) ◽  
pp. 728-742
Author(s):  
Fotini Bonoti ◽  
Vasilia Christidou ◽  
Georgia Maria Spyrou
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Contextual Cues ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Facial Cues ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Human Figure ◽  
Figure Drawings ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Public Primary School

Objective: The study aimed to investigate whether children use specific types of graphic cues (facial, postural, contextual) in their drawings of healthy and ill persons and whether these cues differ as a function of age. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: A public primary school in a medium-sized city in Greece. Method: A total of 200 children in the age group of 5, 7, 9 and 11 years were first asked to define the terms under investigation, and then to draw a healthy and an ill person, as well as a baseline drawing (of a person neither healthy nor ill). Human figure drawings of health and illness were compared with their baseline drawing in an attempt to detect possible alterations in the (1) face, (2) body and (3) overall context of the drawing. Results: From the age of 5 years onwards, children were able to use a combination of graphic cues to convey health and illness in their drawings. Moreover, children in all age groups more often (1) employed facial cues to depict illness and health, (2) used more postural and contextual cues to depict illness than health, (3) introduced a variety of contextual cues in their drawings (e.g. linguistic, nutritional, environmental, physical and medical) and (4) used more types of graphic cues as well as more categories of contextual cues to depict illness than health. Finally, it was found that the drawings of the 5-year-old children involved significantly fewer graphic cues than those of the 7- and 11-year-olds, and significantly less contextual cues than the drawings produced by the 9- and 11-year-olds. Conclusion: Study findings shed light on the way children perceive and represent graphically illness and health and these are discussed in relation to their implications for health education.

Cognitive Abilities of Sibling Pairs: Evaluating the Impact of Early Education

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet P. Swartz ◽  
Donald E. Pierson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Early Education ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Sibling Pairs ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Older Siblings

The cognitive test scores of 20 second-born children who had participated in an early education project since birth were compared to those of their nonparticipant older siblings. The McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities were administered to all of the children prior to entering kindergarten. Contrary to the expected effects of birth order, the program children consistently scored higher than their older siblings on all subtests as well as the General Cognitive Index. The advantages for second-born children, which were not seen among sibling pairs in a comparison group, suggest the positive effects of early education.

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