Biased by the Group: Memory for an Emotional Expression Biases Towards the Ensemble

Jonathan C. Corbin; L. Elizabeth Crawford

doi:10.1525/collabra.186

Biased by the Group: Memory for an Emotional Expression Biases Towards the Ensemble

Collabra Psychology ◽

10.1525/collabra.186 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jonathan C. Corbin ◽

L. Elizabeth Crawford

Keyword(s):

Emotional Expression ◽

Emotional Expressions ◽

Single Exposure ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Group Data ◽

Neutral Face ◽

Ensemble Encoding ◽

And Gender ◽

Category Effects ◽

Neutral Expression

An emotional expression can be misremembered as more similar to previously seen expressions than it actually was – demonstrating inductive category effects for emotional expressions. Given that memory is influenced over time, we sought to determine whether memory for a single expression would be similarly influenced by other expressions viewed simultaneously. In other words, we test whether the ability to encode statistical features of an ensemble (i.e., ensemble encoding) is leveraged when attempting to recall a single expression from the ensemble. In three preregistered experiments, participants saw an ensemble of 4 expressions, one neutral and the three either happy or sad. After a delay, participants were asked to reproduce the neutral face by adjusting a response face’s expression. In Experiment 1, the ensemble comprised images of the same actor; in Experiments 2 and 3, images were comprised of individuals varying race and gender. In each experiment we demonstrated that even after only a single exposure, memory for the neutral expression in the happy group was biased happier relative to the same expression in the sad group. Data and syntax can be found at https://osf.io/gcbez/.

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Emotion and Gender Typicality Cue Sexual Orientation Differently in Women and Men

Archives of Sexual Behavior ◽

10.1007/s10508-020-01700-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (7) ◽

pp. 2547-2560

Author(s):

R. Thora Bjornsdottir ◽

Nicholas O. Rule

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Gay Men ◽

Emotional Expression ◽

Positive Emotion ◽

Role Expectations ◽

Emotional Expressions ◽

Gender Typicality ◽

Gender Role Expectations ◽

Gender Inversion ◽

And Gender

Abstract Heterosexual individuals tend to look and act more typical for their gender compared to gay and lesbian individuals, and people use this information to infer sexual orientation. Consistent with stereotypes associating happy expressions with femininity, previous work found that gay men displayed more happiness than straight men—a difference that perceivers used, independent of gender typicality, to judge sexual orientation. Here, we extended this to judgments of women’s sexual orientation. Like the gender-inversion stereotypes applied to men, participants perceived women’s faces manipulated to look angry as more likely to be lesbians; however, emotional expressions largely did not distinguish the faces of actual lesbian and straight women. Compared to men’s faces, women’s faces varied less in their emotional expression (appearing invariably positive) but varied more in gender typicality. These differences align with gender role expectations requiring the expression of positive emotion by women and prohibiting the expression of femininity by men. More important, greater variance within gender typicality and emotion facilitates their respective utility for distinguishing sexual orientation from facial appearance. These findings thus provide the first evidence for contrasting cues to women’s and men’s sexual orientation and suggest that gender norms may uniquely shape how men and women reveal their sexual orientation.

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‘It's Easier that you're a Girl and that you're Asian’: Interactions of ‘Race’ and Gender between Researchers and Participants

Feminist Review ◽

10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400043 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

pp. 108-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Louise Archer

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Discussion Group ◽

Research Process ◽

Feminist Research ◽

White Female ◽

Men And Women ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Group Data ◽

Female Author ◽

And Gender

This article is concerned with the ways in which ‘race’ and gender interact between interviewers and participants within the research process and the implications of differences/similarities between researcher and participants for feminist research and analysis. The paper discusses issues of power and representation within a research project conducted by the white female author and two Asian female interviewers with 64 British Muslim young men and women. Based on analysis of discussion group data, it is argued that ‘race’ and gender interact between researchers and participants in highly complex and unpredictable ways to produce particular accounts, but comparative analysis of accounts produced with different interviewers can help reveal ‘hidden’ structures of power within the texts.

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Prototypicality and Intensity of Emotional Faces using an Anchor-Point Method

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2013.9 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Álvaro Sánchez ◽

Carmelo Vázquez

Keyword(s):

Emotional Expression ◽

Point Method ◽

Anchor Point ◽

Emotional Expressions ◽

Emotional Intensity ◽

Emotional Faces ◽

Research Fields ◽

Neutral Face ◽

Emotional Face ◽

Validation Strategy

AbstractEmotional faces are commonly used as stimuli in a wide number of research fields. The present study provides values of 198 pictures from one of the amplest available face databases, the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF). We used a new validation strategy that consisted of presenting pairs of faces which included an emotional face (i.e., angry, happy, sad) and its corresponding neutral face from the same model. This design allowed participants to keep a comparison face (i.e., neutral) as a constant anchor point to evaluate parameters on each emotional expression presented. Raters were asked to judge both the prototypicality of the emotional expressions (i.e., the degree to which they represent their corresponding emotional prototypes) as well as their emotional intensity. We finally discuss the potential advantages of this anchor-point method as a system to elicit judgments on facial emotional expressions.

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Referral Patterns for Youths Identified at Risk for Suicide by Trained Gatekeepers

Crisis ◽

10.1027/0227-5910/a000114 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Michael S. Rodi ◽

Lucas Godoy Garraza ◽

Christine Walrath ◽

Robert L. Stephens ◽

D. Susanne Condron ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Suicide Prevention ◽

Demographic Characteristics ◽

Service Access ◽

Referral Patterns ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Lee Smith ◽

Prevention Behavior ◽

Key Variables ◽

And Gender ◽

To Receive

Background: In order to better understand the posttraining suicide prevention behavior of gatekeeper trainees, the present article examines the referral and service receipt patterns among gatekeeper-identified youths. Methods: Data for this study were drawn from 26 Garrett Lee Smith grantees funded between October 2005 and October 2009 who submitted data about the number, characteristics, and service access of identified youths. Results: The demographic characteristics of identified youths are not related to referral type or receipt. Furthermore, referral setting does not seem to be predictive of the type of referral. Demographic as well as other (nonrisk) characteristics of the youths are not key variables in determining identification or service receipt. Limitations: These data are not necessarily representative of all youths identified by gatekeepers represented in the dataset. The prevalence of risk among all members of the communities from which these data are drawn is unknown. Furthermore, these data likely disproportionately represent gatekeepers associated with systems that effectively track gatekeepers and youths. Conclusions: Gatekeepers appear to be identifying youth across settings, and those youths are being referred for services without regard for race and gender or the settings in which they are identified. Furthermore, youths that may be at highest risk may be more likely to receive those services.

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