Masters, Apprentices, and Kidnappers

2020 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-26
Author(s):  
Michael F. Magliari
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Humboldt County ◽  
The Social ◽  
Racial Context ◽  
Emancipation Proclamation ◽  
American Labor

Although it was admitted to the Union as a free state in 1850, labor-starved gold-rush California permitted employers to bind Native Americans as unfree leased convicts, minor custodial wards, debt peons, and, between 1860 and 1863, indentured servants or “apprentices.” As a key component of California's elaborate system of unfree Native American labor, Indian apprenticeship flourished for three years until its abolition during the Civil War in the wake of the Emancipation Proclamation. Little remembered today, much remains obscure regarding the essential details of Indian apprenticeship and the illegal slave trade that emerged to supply the considerable market demand for bound labor. This essay focuses on Humboldt County in northwestern California, where significant numbers of white residents made extensive use of Native American apprentices at the same time that many of their neighbors demanded—and began carrying out—the forced removal and outright extermination of local Indian peoples. Building on valuable data that the anthropologist Robert Heizer extracted in 1971 from the unique but now missing cache of over a hundred surviving indentures discovered in 1915 by the historian Owen C. Coy, this study offers two detailed group profiles of Humboldt County's white employers and their legally bound Native American workers. These collective portraits reveal the social, economic, and demographic compositions of frontier California's master and servant classes while simultaneously tracing both the rise and the fall of Indian apprenticeship within the violent racial context of Humboldt County during the gold rush and the Civil War.

scholarly journals “These Indians Are Apparently Well to Do”: The Myth of Capitalism and Native American Labor

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-470
Author(s):  
Vera Parham
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Wage Labor ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
North West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
American Labor

SummaryIn many histories of Native Americans it seems that the original inhabitants of the Americas have become obscured in the national mythology of colonization. People who do not fit into the liberal capitalist notion of individualism and economic development simply vanish from the annals of history. Even histories focused specifically on Native Americans cover relatively little of Indian responses to capitalist development. Yet, in the Pacific north-west, the story is not written so simply; Native Americans responded creatively and eagerly to new economic systems through participation in wage labor and the development of business ventures. This response allowed indigenous people in the region to prosper while protecting culture and tradition.

Free State Slavery: Bound Indian Labor and Slave Trafficking in California's Sacramento Valley, 1850–1864

2012 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Magliari
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
White Women ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Domestic Servants ◽  
Sacramento Valley ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rural Work

Although it outlawed chattel slavery, antebellum California permitted the virtual enslavement of Native Americans under the 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. Drawing data from a rare and valuable cache of Indian indenture records at the Colusa County courthouse and interpreting them through the lens of Henry Bailey's candid pioneer memoir, this article offers a detailed case study of bound Native American labor and Indian slave trafficking in Northern California's Sacramento Valley. While never comprising a majority of the state's rural work force, bound Indian laborers proved essential to California's rise as a major agricultural producer. Compensating for the dearth of white women and children in male-dominated Gold Rush society and providing a vital alternative source of labor in an expensive free wage market, captive Indian farm hands and domestic servants enabled pioneer farm operations and communities to flourish throughout the formative 1850s and 1860s.

scholarly journals Native American Homelessness and Minneapolis’ Infamous Tent City: Dispelling Myths and Stereotypes to Uncover Solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-153
Author(s):  
Jeanine R. Jackson ◽  
Crystal Saric Fashant
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Graduate Program ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Marginalized Communities ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
The Social

In the summer of 2018, an affordable housing crisis in Minneapolis, Minnesota led to the erection of a homeless encampment infamously labeled, “Tent City.” Publicized by media as a camp for homeless Native Americans, pervasive myths and stereotypes filled the airwaves while public agencies and nonprofit organizations raced to find solutions to this community crisis before the cold winter months settled in. Written from the perspective of an Indigenous woman working in the social services sector of Minneapolis, along with her faculty advisor in a public and nonprofit graduate program, this article: 1) identifies issues of homelessness in Native American communities, 2) dispels myths and stereotypes about Native Americans that impede meaningful progress, 3) explores barriers to safe and secure housing for Native Americans and other marginalized communities, 4) identifies states and countries leading the way to solve homelessness, and 5) suggests best practices and solutions to the ongoing homelessness crisis.

Law and Identity: Negotiating Meaning in the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris A. Fred
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Professional Identities ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
The Social ◽  
Museum Professionals ◽  
Native American Tribes ◽  
American Society ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Implementation Stage

AbstractThe enactment of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) in 1990 represented the culmination of a long process of negotiation and ultimate compromise between representatives of Native American tribes and American museums. This paper focuses on the initial implementation stage of NAGPRA. That stage reveals that interaction between the two sides has entailed (and continues to entail) negotiations not only concerning the disposition of specific Native American cultural objects but also equally important concerning the professional identities of Native Americans and museum professionals, respectively. Viewed in this way, NAGPRA's post-enactment process is seen to illustrate the various functions of law (both symbolic and concrete) in maintaining the social and ideological dialectic of American society.

scholarly journals Sherman Alexie’s Literary Works as Native American Social Realistic Projections

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 381
Author(s):  
Md. Amir Hossain ◽  
S.M. Abu Nayem Sarker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Psychological Trauma ◽  
The United States ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Society

This paper aims to look at the social realistic issues in the context of Sherman Alexie’s literary works. Alexie is one of the postmodern authors in the United States of America. He is very popular among his Native American society as well as community for representing social reality of his age. This paper is divided into several sections; each section shows a benchmark of the 21st century Social Picture of the Native Americans in the light of Alexian Literary Works. It also scrutinizes stories, and novels with a view to highlighting a faithful picture of Native Americans in the light of everyday social issues, including poverty, alcoholism, unhealthiness, racism, and suicidal act. Basically, the main part of my paper deals with social problems of Native Americans in the United States of America as depicted in Alexie’s literary works. It highlights an awareness of the Native Americans so as to keep themselves aloof from drug addiction, poverty, depression, and psychological trauma. Here I have also applied the critical theory of Social Realism with a view to unveiling a subtle literary affinity with Alexie’s works. In this study, I would like to show the significance of this study, and research methodology as well.

Living and dying Lakota : an ethnography of a tribal nursing home

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Anastacia Schulhoff
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Nursing Home ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Institutional Culture ◽  
Social Worlds ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Resonance ◽  
The University

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] This ethnographic research looks at people who reside, visit, and work at a Native American tribal nursing home. Using grounded theory to sort through 18 months of participant observations, extensive fieldnotes, and 22 interviews -- 12 with staff, three administrators, and seven residents' interviews -- my findings show that there is a complex tension between institutional and cultural particulars competing with one another in a tribal nursing home. The goal of this dissertation is to make visible the assemblages of meaning that are passed over by managerial views of nursing homes. By doing so, I show that a tribal nursing home cannot simply be understood as another nursing home, but must be understood in terms of its cultural resonance. I show how different fields of meaning engender culturally specific signifying practices and narratives that construct the nursing home under study as distinctly "Native American." Fields in this context is much like the social worlds that Gubrium (1975) defines as a setting where they create order, meaning, and structure. I trace how particular objects of signification practices -- family talk, discursive and material anchors, and ceremonies - help define what it means to be Native American in a tribal nursing home, thus constructing a unique institutional culture. This dissertation begins to fill the large gap in the fields of gerontology and sociology about Native Americans in general, and Native Americans use and understanding of nursing homes, in particular.

Native American sports mascots activate negative stereotypes about contemporary Native Americans

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Focella ◽  
Jessica Whitehead ◽  
Jeff Stone ◽  
Stephanie Fryberg ◽  
Rebecca Covarrubias
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Negative Stereotypes

Native Americans and the Third World Strike at UC Berkeley

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
LaNada War Jack
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Third World ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The University

The author reflects on her personal experience as a Native American at UC Berkeley in the 1960s as well as on her activism and important leadership roles in the 1969 Third World Liberation Front student strike, which had as its goal the creation of an interdisciplinary Third World College at the university.

Indian Genocide – A Study Through The Works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Poonam Chourey
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Native People ◽  
The South ◽  
The People ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
Purpose Of Business ◽  
Wounded Knee ◽  
Shed Light

The research expounded the turmoil, uproar, anguish, pain, and agony faced by native Indians and Native Americans in the South Dakota region.  To explain the grief, pain and lamentation, this research studies the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lyn.  She laments for the people who died and also survived in the Wounded Knee Massacre.  The people at that time went through huge exploitation and tolerated the cruelty of American Federal government. This research brings out the unchangeable scenario of the Native Americans and Native Indians.  Mr. Padmanaban shed light on the works of Elizabeth Cook-Lynn who was activist.  Mr. Padmanaban is very influenced with Elizabeth Cook-Lynn’s thoughts and works. She hails from Sioux Community, a Native American.  She was an outstanding and exceptional scholar.  She experienced the agony and pain faced by the native people.  The researcher, Mr. Padmanaban is concerned the sufferings, agony, pain faced by the South Dakota people at that time.  The researcher also is acknowledging the Indian freedom fighters who got India independence after over 200 years of sufferings.  The foreign nationals entered our country with the sole purpose of business.  Slowly and steadily the took over the reign of the country and ruled us for years, made all of us suffer a lot.

Dormancy-breaking Studies on Echinacea angustifolia

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 456f-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali O. Sari ◽  
Mario R. Morales ◽  
James E. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Dormancy Breaking ◽  
Echinacea Angustifolia ◽  
Native Populations ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Dry Heating

Echinacea is a medicinal plant native to North America. It was used extensively by native Americans in the treatment of their ailments. It is presently one of the most popular medicinal plants in the United States. Its popularity has created a large market demand for the roots and foliage of the plant. The gathering of echinacea from the wild is leading to the reduction of native populations and the destruction of its genetic diversity. Cultivation of medicinal echinaceas is hindered by a low seed germination. Dormancy breaking studies were done on freshly harvested seeds of Echinacea angustifolia. Seed lots were placed under light at a constant temperature of 25 °C and at alternate temperatures of 25/15 °C for 14/10 h, respectively. Germination was more rapid and uniform and percent germination higher at 25 °C than at 25/15 °C. Seed tap-water soaking, dry heating, and sharp heating alteration did not increase germination. The application of 1.0 mM ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphoric acid) increased seed germination to 94% at 25 °C and 86% at 25/15 °C. Untreated seeds gave 65% germination at 25 °C and 11% at 25/15 °C. The application of 2500 mg·L–1 and 3500 mg·L–1 of GA to dry seeds and 2500 mg·L–1 to seeds that have been soaked under tap water and then dried increased germination to 82%, 83%, and 83% at 25 °C and 64%, 78%, and 64% at 25/15 °C, respectively.

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