scholarly journals Propositional Accounts of Implicit Evaluation: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s42-s67
Author(s):  
Benedek Kurdi ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Common Currency ◽  
Retrospective Revaluation ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Positive Experiences

Associative accounts suggest that implicit (indirectly measured) evaluations are sensitive primarily to co-occurrence information (e.g., pairings of gorges with positive experiences) and are represented associatively (e.g., Gorge–Nice). By contrast, recent propositional accounts have argued that implicit evaluations are also responsive to relational information (e.g., gorges causing vs. preventing ennui) and are represented propositionally (e.g., “I find gorges fascinating”). In a review of 30 empirical papers involving exposure to contradictory co-occurrence information and relational information, we found overwhelming evidence for the latter dominating the updating of implicit evaluations, supporting the propositional perspective. However, unlike explicit evaluations, implicit evaluations seem recalcitrant in the face of relational information that requires retrospective revaluation of already encoded co-occurrence information. These findings may be jointly explained by a “common currency” hypothesis under which implicit evaluations emerge from compressed summary representations, which are sensitive to relational information but are not fully propositional.

scholarly journals Propositional accounts of implicit evaluation: Taking stock and looking ahead

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedek Kurdi ◽  
Yarrow Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Common Currency ◽  
Retrospective Revaluation ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Positive Experiences

Associative accounts suggest that implicit (indirectly measured) evaluations are sensitive primarily to co-occurrence information (e.g., pairings of gorges with positive experiences) and are represented associatively (e.g., GORGE–NICE). By contrast, recent propositional accounts have argued that implicit evaluations are also responsive to relational information (e.g., gorges causing vs. preventing ennui) and are represented propositionally (e.g., “I find gorges fascinating”). In a review of 30 empirical papers involving exposure to contradictory co-occurrence information and relational information, we found overwhelming evidence for the latter dominating the updating of implicit evaluations, supporting the propositional perspective. However, unlike explicit evaluations, implicit evaluations seem recalcitrant in the face of relational information that requires retrospective revaluation of already encoded co-occurrence information. These findings may be jointly explained by a “common currency” hypothesis under which implicit evaluations emerge from compressed summary representations, which are sensitive to relational information but are not fully propositional.

‘Freeman stand, or freeman die’: liberty and slavery

2018 ◽  
pp. 194-216
Author(s):  
Alison Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Thomas Gray ◽  
True State ◽  
Working People ◽  
The Face ◽  
English Nationalism

The words ‘liberty’ or ‘freedom’ feature in forty-three poems in this collection, indicative of the centrality of this theme to the radical discourse of the day. In an era of almost unprecedented repression and the curtailment of rights, working people wished to rid themselves of their chains and reclaim their lost liberties, as a way of asserting English nationalism in the face of a ‘foreign’ monarchy. The twelve poems and songs in this section celebrate both the forthcoming return of liberty, presented as a goddess, and Henry Hunt as liberty’s human representative. The restoration of liberty as an end to slavery is a common trope within English radical discourse and poems often depict the radical patriot endeavouring to rescue his country from an imposed and unnatural tyranny and return it to its true state of liberty; however, this trope predates the era of revolution when such rhetoric was common currency and this section explores the prevalence of the theme of liberty in the mid-eighteenth century and the subsequent influence of William Collins and Thomas Gray on the poems in this collection. The introduction also seeks to explain the lack of references to the transatlantic slave trade in these poems at a time when the issue of rights was at the fore. It includes poems written by Samuel Bamford and the Spencean Robert Wedderburn.

scholarly journals Conflicts of Interest and Misleading Statements in Official Reports about the Health Consequences of Radiofrequency Radiation and Some New Measurements of Exposure Levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Pockett
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Western World ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Radiofrequency Radiation ◽  
Tissue Heating ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Smart Technologies ◽  
The Military

Official reports to governments throughout the Western world attempt to allay public concern about the increasing inescapability of the microwaves (also known as radiofrequency radiation or RF) emitted by “smart” technologies, by repeating the dogma that the only proven biological effect of RF is acute tissue heating, and assuring us that the levels of radiation to which the public are exposed are significantly less than those needed to cause acute tissue heating. The present paper first shows the origin of this “thermal-only” dogma in the military paranoia of the 1950s. It then reveals how financial conflict of interest and intentionally misleading statements have been powerful factors in preserving that dogma in the face of now overwhelming evidence that it is false, using one 2018 report to ministers of the New Zealand government as an example. Lastly, some new pilot measurements of ambient RF power densities in Auckland city are reported and compared with levels reported in other cities, various international exposure limits, and levels shown scientifically to cause biological harm. It is concluded that politicians in the Western world should stop accepting soothing reports from individuals with blatant conflicts of interest and start taking the health and safety of their communities seriously.

Teleinvestmentevangelists: celebrity, ritual and religion and the quest to “beat the market”

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E Allen ◽  
Mary Keller ◽  
Elton (Skip) McGoun
Keyword(s):  
Practical Implication ◽  
Individual Investors ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Research Implication ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stock Picking

Purpose – This paper aims to offer a cultural understanding of investor faith in stock picking despite overwhelming evidence questioning its efficacy. Why, in the face of very widely communicated findings calling into question the advice and assistance offered by financial professionals to help them pick stocks or manage their mutual funds, do so many people persist in these practices? The authors believe that the best way to understand investor faith in the efficacy of stock picking is through teleinvestmentevangelists such as Jim Cramer, whose fusion of celebrity and religion taps into the ritualistic elements of investment that usually lie hidden. Drawing from media, religious and cultural studies theory, the authors flesh out the dynamics of the teleinvestmentevangelist as a powerful character, the understanding of which provides insights on the pre-modern meanings that inhere in mediated global capital. Design/methodology/approach – This conceptual work draws on theoretical perspectives and qualitative experiences of everyday investors to explain why the entire field of stock picking remains so robust and captivating in the face of ample evidence that calls into question the validity of the entire phenomenon. Findings – This paper derives and introduces the hypothetical figure of the “Teleinvestmentevangelist” in an attempt to weave dimensions of celebrity, ritual and religion together to explain investors undeterred faith in the ability to pick individual stocks and “beat the market”. Research limitations/implications – The primary research implication of this paper is that it exhibits the continued value of integrating interdisciplinary perspectives for understanding investing experience beyond more limited views undergirded by neoclassical economics. One challenge of the paper is that it attempts to merge three disparate perspectives that have not typically been integrated and applied to financial phenomena. Practical implications – One practical implication of this paper is that it provides a perspective and vocabulary that enables us to understand financial experiences more fully and reflect on these understandings more critically. Social implications – Armed with a richer understanding of financial and investing experience, individual investors can better appreciate fundamental cultural misrecognitions that potentially culminate in symbolic violence whereby certain groups of investors are systematically disadvantaged. Originality/value – The originality of this paper lies in its synthesis of disparate literature bases and application of this synthesis to the financial and investing world. Not only are the individual theoretical perspectives rarely consulted vis-à-vis investing experience but also is their synthesis particularly unique and original in the context of financial and investing phenomena.

Electronic fetal monitoring, cerebral palsy, and medical ethics: Nonsense of a high order1

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 43-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sartwelle ◽  
James C. Johnston ◽  
Berna Arda
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Fetal Monitoring ◽  
The Past ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
Electronic Fetal Monitoring ◽  
The Face ◽  
Medical Paradigm ◽  
Junk Science ◽  
Scientific Technology

Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) was predicted by its inventors to be the long-sought cerebral palsy (CP) nemesis. Rather than prevent CP or any other birth problems, 40 years of EFM use has done substantial harm to mothers and babies and created a worldwide CP-EFM litigation industry that enriches only trial lawyers. Physicians, frightened by the ever-expanding and costly CP-EFM litigation crisis, and focused on avoiding lawsuits at all costs, embraced ethical relativism—charitably called defensive medicine—and continued EFM use even in the face of overwhelming evidence that EFM is merely junk science. In doing so, physicians completely abandoned the bedrock bioethics principles of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence. This daily ethical drama has played itself out for the past almost half century with little protest from obstetricians and no protest from ethicists. This article reviews EFM harms, the CP-EFM litigation crisis, and the resulting abandonment of bioethics principles and explores why the CP-EFM paradigm has failed utterly to follow the Kuhnian model of the scientific, technology, medical paradigm shift.

scholarly journals Identification of visual paternity cues in humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 20140063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Alvergne ◽  
Fanny Perreau ◽  
Allan Mazur ◽  
Ulrich Mueller ◽  
Michel Raymond
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Paternal Investment ◽  
Relational Information ◽  
Adult Sons ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
Paternity Uncertainty ◽  
The Face ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Location Type

Understanding how individuals identify their relatives has implications for the evolution of social behaviour. Kinship cues might be based on familiarity, but in the face of paternity uncertainty and costly paternal investment, other mechanisms such as phenotypic matching may have evolved. In humans, paternal recognition of offspring and subsequent discriminative paternal investment have been linked to father–offspring facial phenotypic similarities. However, the extent to which paternity detection is impaired by environmentally induced facial information is unclear. We used 27 portraits of fathers and their adult sons to quantify the level of paternity detection according to experimental treatments that manipulate the location, type and quantity of visible facial information. We found that (i) the lower part of the face, that changes most with development, does not contain paternity cues, (ii) paternity can be detected even if relational information within the face is disrupted and (iii) the signal depends on the presence of specific information rather than their number. Taken together, the results support the view that environmental effects have little influence on the detection of paternity using facial similarities. This suggests that the cognitive dispositions enabling the facial detection of kinship relationships ignore genetic irrelevant facial information.

scholarly journals Client perspectives on an outreach approach for HIV prevention targeting Indonesian MSM and transwomen

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 916-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Nugroho ◽  
Vicki Erasmus ◽  
Sarah E Krier ◽  
Kusnindyah P Reviagana ◽  
Pipiet A Laksmono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Testing ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Outreach Workers ◽  
The Face ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Prevention Approach

Abstract This study explored clients’ perspective on an outreach approach to promote HIV testing in Indonesia targeting men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (transwomen or waria). Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 32 individuals (21 MSM and 11 waria) who had received services from outreach workers (OWs) in five cities in Indonesia. Participants in this study reported positive experiences with the outreach approach and perceived OWs as their motivators in accessing HIV testing as well as HIV care and treatment. OWs provided easy-to-understand HIV information. Clients expected OWs to be well-trained and more creative in performing outreach. They perceived that the Internet and social media have helped them considerably to stay in touch with OWs. Yet, they expressed that such virtual contacts could not simply replace the face-to-face contact, especially for waria. Furthermore, clients suggested outreach to be delivered in a more appealing manner, for example through activities that may facilitate clients learning professional or life skills. They also asserted that as an HIV prevention approach, outreach needs to use more positive framing and go beyond HIV and health contents, chiefly for the youth. Future outreach programmes should facilitate OWs in providing tailored services based on the level and type of support that the clients need, and in applying varied proportion and levels of sophistication in the use of online and virtual platforms for outreach.

The Saxon Cathedral of Elmham

1926 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-409
Author(s):  
A. W. Clapham ◽  
W. H. Godfrey
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Definite Evidence ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject

The site of the See of Elmham has been the subject of one of those entirely artificial controversies which troubled the archaeological peace of the nineteenth century, and arose from a curious and then very prevalent phase of archaeological thought. Plain, and one would have thought obvious, statements of fact were first queried and then rejected to substitute in their place theories unsupported equally by evidence, tradition, or probability. Such was the theory which endeavoured to transfer the See of Elmham from North Elmham in Norfolk to South Elmham in Suffolk, in the face of all definite evidence and reasonable probability and solely on the ground that a pre-Conquest church, known traditionally as the Old Minster, existed in the Suffolk area. The fact that the word Minster is sufficiently widespread and seldom indicates a cathedral was not considered, and the statesman Theodore was credited with the inconceivable stupidity of splitting up the East Anglian See by establishing two bishop's stools within thirteen miles of one. another. This theory, which received the tentative support of more than one distinguished antiquary, has now, one may hope, been finally consigned to the limbo from which it should never have emerged ; the paper of the late Mr. Richard Howlett1 sets forth the clear facts of the case and the overwhelming evidence in favour of the Norfolk site.

The Truth About Denial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Bardon
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Science Communication ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Overwhelming Evidence ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Way

It is a striking—yet all too familiar—fact about human beings that our belief-forming processes can be so distorted by fears, desires, and prejudices that an otherwise sensible person may sincerely uphold false claims about the world in the face of overwhelming evidence to the contrary. When we describe someone as being “in denial,” we mean that he or she is personally, emotionally threatened by some situation—and consequently has failed to assess the situation properly according to the evidence. People in denial engage in motivated reasoning about their situation: They (sincerely) argue and interpret evidence in light of a preestablished conclusion. One significant type of reason-distorting emotional threat is a threat to one’s ideological worldview. When group interests, creeds, or dogmas are threatened by unwelcome factual information, biased thinking becomes ideological denialism. (One critical example of such denialism is the widespread denial of settled climate science.) Denial can stand in the way of individual well-being, and ideological denialism can stand in the way of good public policy. This book is a wide-ranging examination of denial and denialism. It offers a readable overview of the social psychology of denial, and examines the role of ideological denialism in conflicts over public policy, politics, and culture. Chapters focus on our philosophical and scientific understanding of denial, denial of scientific consensus, denialism in political economy, and denialism in religious belief. An afterword examines proposals for improving science communication in light of findings about motivated reasoning and denial.

“And you, what do you think of optimism?”

Propelled ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 132-148
Author(s):  
Andreas Elpidorou
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Good Life ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
The Face ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Positive Health Outcomes ◽  
Crucial Ingredient

The chapter illustrates the benefits (and in some cases, the dangers) of anticipation in the pursuit of the good life. It discusses how anticipation figures in decision-making, savoring, and optimism. It shows how anticipation can often boost our levels of subjective well-being and explains why anticipation is linked to numerous positive health outcomes. Anticipation also helps us to overcome life obstacles and remain resilient in the face of difficult challenges. Thus, anticipation is a crucial ingredient of the good life. In addition to its ability to prolong and amplify positive experiences, anticipation is a motivating mechanism that provides us with the emotional energy we need to pursue what we believe is significant and important.

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