scholarly journals How Multinomial Processing Trees Have Advanced, and Can Continue to Advance, Research Using Implicit Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s165-s186
Author(s):  
Jimmy Calanchini

Implicit measures were developed to provide relatively pure estimates of attitudes and stereotypes, free from the influence of processes that constrain true and accurate reporting. However, implicit measures are not pure estimates of attitudes or stereotypes but, instead, reflect the joint contribution of multiple processes. The fact that responses on implicit measures reflect multiple cognitive processes complicates both their interpretation and application. In this article, I highlight contributions made to research using implicit measures by multinomial processing trees (MPTs), an analytic method that quantifies the joint contributions of multiple cognitive processes to observed responses. I provide examples of how MPTs have helped resolve mysteries that have arisen over the years, examples of findings that were initially taken at face value but were later reinterpreted by MPTs, and look to the future for ways in which MPTs seem poised to further advance research using implicit measures.

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Wasserman

Human and nonhuman animals alike must adjust to complex and ever-changing circumstances if they are to survive and reproduce. Advanced neural mechanisms enable animals to remember the past, to act in the present, and to plan for the future. Exploring the species generality of cognitive processes in behavior is central to the field of comparative cognition. A comparative perspective may not only broaden but also deepen our understanding of cognition—both in human and in nonhuman animals.


Interpreting ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-117
Author(s):  
Deryle Lonsdale

In this paper we discuss methodological issues pertaining to cognitive modeling of simultaneous interpretation. We briefly introduce the notion of cognition and efforts to model aspects of language-related processing. Previous work identifying cognitive processes in SI is sampled, and empirical SI studies are also mentioned. A rationale for modeling SI cognition follows, and relevant issues are sketched: whom to model, system dynamics, applicable technologies, and various possible processing scenarios. A discussion of evaluation considerations and requisite data resources follows. Throughout, we raise questions that must be addressed by the SI community, among both researchers and practitioners, if modeling SI is to be successfully realized in the future.


2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao XU ◽  
Jing YU ◽  
Xu LEI

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlad Petre Glăveanu

In this editorial I introduce the possible as an emerging field of inquiry in psychology and related disciplines. Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in connected areas – counterfactual thinking, anticipation, prospection, imagination and creativity, etc. – and several calls have been formulated in the social sciences to study human beings and societies as systems that are open to possibility and to the future. However, engaging with the possible, in the sense of both becoming aware of it and actively exploring it, represents a subject in need of further theoretical elaboration. In this paper, I review several existing approaches to the possible before briefly outlining a new, sociocultural account. While the former are focused on cognitive processes and uphold the old dichotomy between the possible and the actual or real, the latter grows out of a social ontology grounded in notions of difference, positions, perspectives, reflexivity, and dialogue. In the end, I argue that a better understanding of the possible can help us cultivate it in both mind and society.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jeffrey Martin ◽  
Glynis K. Martin ◽  
William A. Roberts ◽  
David F. Sherry

In the past 20 years, research in animal cognition has challenged the belief that complex cognitive processes are uniquely human. At the forefront of these challenges has been research on mental time travel and future planning in jays. We tested whether Canada jays ( Perisoreus canadensis ) demonstrated future planning, using a procedure that has produced evidence of future planning in California scrub-jays. Future planning in this procedure is caching in locations where the bird will predictably experience a lack of food in the future. Canada jays showed no evidence of future planning in this sense and instead cached in the location where food was usually available, opposite to the behaviour described for California scrub-jays. We provide potential explanations for these differing results adding to the recent debates about the role of complex cognition in corvid caching strategies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82
Author(s):  
Wasita ◽  
Hartatik ◽  
Nugorho Nur Susanto ◽  
Ida Bagus Putu Prajna Yogi ◽  
Restu Budi Sulistiyo ◽  
...  

Partisipasi dalam kegiatan pelestarian tinggalan arkeologi bisa dilakukan oleh siapa saja, termasuk masyarakat. Namun yang lebih penting dari semua itu adalah partisipasi yang tepat dan tidak akan menimbulkan masalah baru. Penelitian di Tanjungredeb ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kegiatan pelestarian, pandangan setiap pemangku kepentingan tinggalan arkeologi, dan dampaknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumen. Analisisnya dilakukan dengancara menyusun dan mengklasifikasikan data untuk menemukan pola atau tema, agar dapat dipahami maknanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada upaya pelestarian tinggalan arkeologi di lokasi penelitian yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan masyarakat. Namun demikian, sebagian praktik pelestarian itu tidak sesuai dengan regulasi yang telah ditetapkan, yaitu Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 11 tahun 2010 tentang Cagar Budaya. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa pihak yang berkepentingan dengan tinggalan arkeologi harus segera turun tangan untuk menginformasikan cara pelestarian yang benar. Selain itu, dianggap perlu mengubah cara pandang pelestarian yang belum tepat agar dapat mencegah timbulnya masalah baru di masa depan. Participating in an archaeological heritage preservation can be done by anyone, including the community. However, the most important aspect is appropriate participation that will not cause new problems. The study in Tanjungredeb aimed to find out how the preservation operates, to understand the perspective of each archeological stakeholder, and the impact. This research used a descriptive-analytic method with a qualitative approach. Data collection was done by observations, interviews, and document studies. The analysis was conducted by compiling and classifying data to find patterns or themes; thus, their meaning can be understood. Results of the study indicate that there were efforts to preserve archeological remains in the study areas by governments and the communities. However, some preservation practises do not comply with the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia number 11 of 2010 concerning Cultural Heritage. Therefore, it can be concluded that the parties concerned with archeological remains must immediately mediate to inform the correct method of preservation. Also, it is necessary to change imprecise perspectives of preservation to prevent new problematic matters in the future.


Author(s):  
Aaron Clauset ◽  
Kristian Skrede Gleditsch

Contending arguments on the causes of war often have divergent implications for trends and the possibility for change. Many argue that we observe a decline in conflict and violence, contrary to traditional conceptions of warfare as a fundamentally inescapable problem. Critics challenge whether conflict is in decline, our ability to make inferences about trends from existing data, and to what extent we can learn from the past about the present and the future. We provide a non-technical overview of the contending positions and the concepts necessary to understand the current debate. We review trends in common measures such as the number of conflicts and severity of wars, plausible models for distributions and the timing of conflicts, as well as the role of theory and assessing uncertainty. We conclude with some thoughts on how to advance research on trends in conflict and how to assess change at particular points in history.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Vassilios Krassanakis ◽  
Paweł Cybulski

Eye tracking has been served as one of the most objective and valuable tools towards the examination of both map perceptual and cognitive processes. The aim of the present article is to concisely present the contribution of eye tracking research in cartography, indicating the existing literature, as well as the current research trends in the examined domain. The authors discuss the existing challenges and provide their perspectives about the future outlook of cartographic eye tracking experimentation by reporting specific key approaches that could be integrated.


2020 ◽  
pp. 014616722091920
Author(s):  
Jeremy Cone ◽  
Jimmy Calanchini

Previous research has demonstrated that implicit evaluations can be reversed with exposure to a single impression-inconsistent behavior. But what exactly is changing when perceivers encounter diagnostic revelations about someone? One possibility is that rapid changes are occurring in the extent to which perceivers view the person positively or negatively. Another possibility is that they override the expression of initial evaluations through control-oriented processes. We conducted three studies (one preregistered) that used multinomial process trees to distinguish between these possibilities. We find consistent support across two different implicit measures that diagnostic behaviors result in rapid changes in evaluative processes. We obtained only inconsistent evidence for effects on more control-oriented processes. These findings thus help to reveal the cognitive processes underlying rapid implicit revision. Implications for theoretical perspectives on implicit attitudes are discussed.


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