The Hydrostatic Stress Board of Plastics Pipe Institute: The First 50 Years

2011 ◽  
pp. 35-35-21
Author(s):  
Stanley A. Mruk
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Stress

A Critical Review of Existing Hydrogen Diffusion Models Accounting for Different Physical Variables

2014 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Toribio ◽  
Viktor Kharin
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Strain ◽  
Continuum Mechanics ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Hydrogen Diffusion ◽  
Hydrostatic Stress ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Material Microstructure ◽  
Continuum Modelling ◽  
Physical Variables ◽  
Cumulative Plastic Strain

The present paper offers a continuum modelling of trap-affected hydrogen diffusion in metals and alloys, accounting for different physical variables of both macroscopic nature (i.e., related to continuum mechanics, e.g., stress and strain) and microscopic characteristics (material microstructure, traps, etc.). To this end, the model of hydrogen diffusion assisted by the gradients of both hydrostatic stress and cumulative plastic strain,stress-and-strain assisted hydrogen diffusion, proposed and frequently used by the authors of the present paper (Toribio & Kharin) is analysed in addition to other well-known models such as those proposed by (i) McNabb & Foster, (ii) Oriani, (iii) Leblond & Dubois, (iv) Sofronis & McMeeking, (v) Krom and Bakker, showing their physical and mathematical differences and similarities to account for different physical variables.

scholarly journals Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Hydrostatic Stress on the Behaviour of an Adhesive Using a Pressure Vessel

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 804-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Y. Cognard ◽  
R. Créac'hcadec ◽  
L. F. M. da Silva ◽  
F. G. Teixeira ◽  
P. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Hydrostatic Stress

The Stepwise Cross-sectional Crystalline Analysis of the Stress Induced Voiding in Cu Interconnect

2006 ◽  
Vol 914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo-Jong Lee ◽  
Heung Nam Han ◽  
Suk Hoon Kang ◽  
Jeong-Yun Sun ◽  
Kyu Hwan Oh
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Twin Boundary ◽  
Triple Junction ◽  
Hydrostatic Stress ◽  
Electron Backscattered Diffraction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Copper Interconnect ◽  
Crystallographic Study ◽  
Cu Interconnect ◽  
Planar Electron

AbstractIn a crystallographic study of stress induced voiding of copper interconnect, the planar electron backscattered diffraction analysis showed that the void was initiated at the triple junction of the grain boundaries, not at the junction of the twin boundary and grain boundary. By using stepwise cross-sectional crystalline investigation for the void, it was possible to rebuild 3D crystalline structure near the void. From the stress calculation based on the measured crystalline structures, the hydrostatic stress was highly concentrated at the triple junction of the twin boundary and grain boundary, but experimentally, there was no voiding at that. The voiding in the copper interconnect may depend mainly on the boundary instability.

Quantifying the influence of non-hydrostatic stress on polymorph equilibria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Hess ◽  
Jay Ague
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Chemical Potential ◽  
Hydrostatic Stress ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Metamorphic Petrology ◽  
Equilibrium Thermodynamics ◽  
Stress Variation ◽  
Mineral Assemblages

<p>Thermodynamic modeling in active tectonic settings typically makes the assumption that stress is equal in all directions. This allows for the application of classical equilibrium thermodynamics. In contrast, geodynamic modeling indicates that differential, or non-hydrostatic, stresses are widespread. Non-hydrostatic equilibrium thermodynamics have been developed by past workers [1], but their application to geological systems has generated controversy in recent years [2-5]. Therefore, we seek to clarify how stress influences the chemical potential of non-hydrostatically stressed elastic solids. To quantify this, we consider the effects of stress variation on the equilibrium between the single-component polymorph pairs of kyanite/sillimanite, quartz/coesite, calcite/aragonite, and diamond/graphite.</p><p>The stress on each interface of a solid can be decomposed into components normal to the interface and parallel to the interface. In our work, we determine the shift in the temperature of equilibrium on fixed interfaces between polymorph pairs as a function of both interface-normal and interface-parallel stress variation. We find that the influence of normal stress variation on the equilibrium temperature of polymorphs is approximately two orders of magnitude greater than interface-parallel stress variation. Thus, at a fixed temperature, normal stress determines the chemical potential of a given interface to first order. Consequently, high-pressure polymorphs will preferentially form normal to the maximum stress, while low-pressure polymorphs, normal to the minimum stress.</p><p>Nonetheless, interface-parallel stress variations can meaningfully affect the stability of phases that are at or near equilibrium. We demonstrate the surprising result that for a given polymorph pair, a decrease in interface-parallel stresses can make a high-pressure polymorph more stable relative to a low-pressure polymorph on the given interface.</p><p>The effects of non-hydrostatic stress on mineral assemblages are most likely to be seen in dry systems. Many reactions in metamorphic systems are fluid-mediated, and fluids cannot sustain non-hydrostatic stress. Consequently, in systems with interconnected, fluid-filled porosity, mineral assemblages will tend to form at a pressure approximately equal to the fluid pressure. In contrast, in dry systems all reactions occur directly between solids which can sustain non-hydrostatic stress. This facilitates the application of non-hydrostatic thermodynamics. Consequently, dry rocks containing polymorphs such as such as quartzites, marbles, and peridotites represent ideal lithologies for the testing and application of these concepts. By influencing the chemical potential of solid interfaces, non-hydrostatic stress alters the thermodynamic driving force and subsequent kinetics of polymorphic reactions. This likely results in preferential orientations of polymorphs which could influence seismic anisotropy and potentially generate seismicity.</p><p>[1] Larché, F., & Cahn, J. W. (1985). Acta Metallurgica, 33(3), 331-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(85)90077-X</p><p>[2] Hobbs, B. E., & Ord, A. (2016). Earth-Science Reviews, 163, 190-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.013</p><p>[3] Powell, R., Evans, K. A., Green, E. C. R., & White, R. W. (2018). Journal of Metamorphic Petrology, 36(4), 419-438. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12298</p><p>[4] Tajčmanová, L., Podladchikov, Y., Powell, R., Moulas, E., Vrijmoed, J. C., & Connolly, J. A. D. (2014). Journal of Metamorphic Petrology, 32(2), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12066</p><p>[5] Wheeler, J. (2018). Journal of Metamorphic Petrology, 36(4), 439-461. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmg.12299</p>

Enhancement of solid-state reaction rates by non-hydrostatic stress effects on polycrystalline diffusion kinetics

2010 ◽  
Vol 95 (10) ◽  
pp. 1399-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Keller ◽  
L. C. Gotze ◽  
E. Rybacki ◽  
G. Dresen ◽  
R. Abart
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Solid State Reaction ◽  
Hydrostatic Stress ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Diffusion Kinetics ◽  
Stress Effects

Asymmetric Shielding Mechanisms in the Mixed-Mode Fracture of a Glass/Epoxy Interface

1998 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Swadener ◽  
K. M. Liechti
Keyword(s):  
Cohesive Zone Model ◽  
Hydrostatic Stress ◽  
Crack Opening ◽  
Shielding Effect ◽  
Mixed Mode Fracture ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Numerical Predictions ◽  
Wide Range

An asymmetric increase in the apparent values of the interfacial fracture toughness with increasing mode II component of loading has been observed by several investigators. In this study, cracks were grown in a steady-state manner along the glass/epoxy interface in sandwich specimens in order to determine the mechanisms responsible for the shielding effect. Finite element analysis using a hydrostatic stress and strain rate dependent plasticity model for the epoxy and a cohesive zone model for the interface shows that plastic dissipation in the epoxy accounts for the asymmetric shielding seen in these experiments which cover a wide range of mode mix. Numerical predictions of normal crack-opening displacements yielded results that were consistent with measured values which were made as close as 0.3 μm from the crack tip.

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