Operation of Batch-Type and Continuous Electric Membrane Demineralizers

2009 ◽  
pp. 67-67-19
Author(s):  
William E. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Batch Type

Adjustable wetting of Liquid Flame Spray (LFS) TiO2-nanoparticle coated board: Batch-type versus roll-to-roll stimulation methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Tuominen ◽  
Hannu Teisala ◽  
Janne Haapanen ◽  
Mikko Aromaa ◽  
Jyrki M. Mäkelä ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Argon Plasma ◽  
Ultra Violet ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Flame Spray ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Roll To Roll ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Liquid Flame Spray

Abstract Superhydrophobic nanoparticle coating was created on the surface of board using liquid flame spray (LFS). The LFS coating was carried out continuously in ambient conditions without any additional hydrophobization steps. The contact angle of water (CAW) of ZrO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 coating was adjusted reversibly from >150° down to ~10−20° using different stimulation methods. From industrial point of view, the controlled surface wetting has been in focus for a long time because it defines the liquid-solid contact area, and furthermore can enhance the mechanical and chemical bonding on the interface between the liquid and the solid. The used stimulation methods included batch-type methods: artificial daylight illumination and heat treatment and roll-to-roll methods: corona, argon plasma, IR (infra red)- and UV (ultra violet)-treatments. On the contrary to batch-type methods, the adjustment and switching of wetting was done only in seconds or fraction of seconds using roll-to-roll stimulation methods. This is significant in the converting processes of board since they are usually continuous, high volume operations. In addition, the creation of microfluidic patterns on the surface of TiO2 coated board using simple photomasking and surface stimulation was demonstrated. This provides new advantages and possibilities, especially in the field of intelligent printing. Limited durability and poor repellency against low surface tension liquids are presently the main limitations of LFS coatings.

Process evaluation of HASP with IMET system through SNR and SDNR for the efficient management of Sewage Treatment Plant

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Young H. Yoon ◽  
Jae R. Park ◽  
Sang W. Ahn ◽  
Kwang B. Ko ◽  
Kyung J. Min ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Nitrification Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Type Experiment ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Nitrification And Denitrification

Hybrid Activated Sludge Process (HASP) with IMET was developed and applied to an activated sludge process for the advanced nutrient treatment in Korea. The characteristics of nitrogen removal from the HASP were investigated through a kinetic study by batch-type experiment. Online DB analysis produced from the IMET was conducted for the nutrient removal performance in the field demonstration plant treating 10,000 m3/day in G city of Korea. In this paper, we aimed to determine the effect of increasing NHM4+-N load on the specific nitrification rate (SNR) and the specific denitrification rate (SDNR) through a batch-type experiment, and to estimate the net reaction time for the phase-transfer rate using online DB analysis in the HASP operation. Experimental results include: (1) both the nitrification and denitrification followed first-order kinetics; (2) the maximum SNR and SDNR were 4.0301 mgN/gVSS·hr and 2.785 mgN/gVSS·hr, respectively; (3) comparison of reaction rates between nitrification and denitrification from the non-linear regression analysis found that nitrification rate was higher than denitrification.

scholarly journals Retention of the Antibiotic Cefuroxime onto Agricultural and Forest Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4663
Author(s):  
Raquel Cela-Dablanca ◽  
Carolina Nebot ◽  
Lucia Rodríguez López ◽  
David Ferández-Calviño ◽  
Manuel Arias-Estévez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Exchangeable Ca ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Soil Colloids

Antibiotics in wastewater, sewage sludge, manures, and slurries constitute a risk for the environment when spread on soils. This work studies the adsorption and desorption of the antibiotic cefuroxime (CFX) in 23 agricultural and forest soils, using batch-type experiments. Our results show that the adsorption values were between 40.75 and 99.57% in the agricultural soils, while the range was lower (from 74.57 to 93.46%) in forest soils. Among the Freundlich, Langmuir, and Linear models, the Freundlich equation shows the best fit for the adsorption results. In addition, agricultural soils with higher pH are the ones that present the highest adsorption. Further confirmation of the influence of pH on adsorption is given by the fact that Freundlich’s KF parameter and the Linear model Kd parameter shows a positive correlation with pH and with the exchangeable Ca and Mg values, which are known to affect the charges of the soil colloids and the formation of cationic bridges between adsorbents and adsorbate. In addition, Freundlich’s n parameter shows a positive and significant correlation with the organic matter content, related to the high adsorption taking place on forest soils despite their pH < 5. Regarding desorption, in most cases, it is lower than 1%, which indicates that CFX is adsorbed in a rather irreversible way onto these soils. Overall, these results can be considered relevant regarding their potential impact on environmental quality and public health.

Ca isotope fractionation upon synthesis of carbonated apatite

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Böttcher ◽  
Nikolaus Gussone ◽  
Anika C. Conrad ◽  
Iris Schmiedinger ◽  
Jens Fiebig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Apatite Formation ◽  
Calcium Isotope ◽  
Hydroxy Apatite ◽  
Carbonated Apatite ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Synthetic Calcite

&lt;p&gt;Carbonated hydroxy-apatite (CHAP) was experimentally synthesized in batch-type set-ups by mixing of calcium (Ca)- and phosphate-bearing aqueous solutions and the transformation of calcite powder in aqueous solution between 11&amp;#176; and 65&amp;#176;C (Gussone et al., 2020). Compositional changes of the experimental solution and solid phase products were followed by elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning-electron microscopy, and powder XRD. In the mixing experiments, crystallization of CHAP took place following the precipitation of metastable brushite as precursor that was then transformed into CHAP. In the transformation experiments using synthetic calcite as a precursor phase it was found that the reaction at pH values between 7.5 and 7.9 occurs via the direct replacement of calcium carbonate by CHAP.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Calcium isotope fractionation led to an enrichment of the light isotope in the solid CHAP compared to the aqueous solution by about -0.5 to -1.1 &amp;#8240;, independent from the experimental approach, and the magnitude was essentially independent of temperature. The metastable brushite formed prior to transformation to CHAP showed a reduced fractionation compared to the CHAP. The observed Ca isotope fractionation into the CHAP lattice resembles that of natural phosphorites and lies within the range of the view existing theoretical and experimental studies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reference: Gussone N., B&amp;#246;ttcher M.E., Conrad A.C., Fiebig J., Pelz M., Grathoff G., Schmidt B.C. (2020) Calcium isotope fractionation upon experimental apatite formation. Chem. Geol., 551, 119737&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study was supported by German Science Foundation (DFG) to M.E.B and J.F. within the EXCALIBOR project (BO1548/8 and FI 948/7), and to N.G. (GU1035/10), and by Leibniz IOW.&lt;/p&gt;

Batch Type Transesterification Process for Winter Rape Oil

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Peterson ◽  
M. Feldman ◽  
R. Korus ◽  
D. L. Auld
Keyword(s):  
Winter Rape ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Rape Oil

scholarly journals Long-term experience with an ultrapure individual dialysis fluid with a batch type machine

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3118-3125 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Kleophas ◽  
B. Haatert ◽  
G. Backus ◽  
P. Hilgers ◽  
A. Westhoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dialysis Fluid ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Type Machine ◽  
Long Term Experience
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