Formulation and Application of Microbial Insecticides for Forest Insect Pest Management: Problems and Considerations

AbstractStrategies for the use of entomopathogenic viruses in the management of forest insect pests include the use of viruses by themselves or with other biocontrol or chemical agents applied simultaneously or separately at strategic time intervals. It is concluded that baculoviruses (nuclear polyhedrosis and granulosis viruses) have considerable potential as components of integrated forest insect pest management systems. The prime limiting factors in their large scale use at present are the high cost of virus production and underdevelopment of application technology. Their greatest potential will probably be realized when used as an indirect, or preventative, strategy with a view to preventing the occurrence of pest emergency situations.

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Coccinellids in insect pest management: problems and prospects

Biopesticides and Bioagents ◽

10.1201/9781315365558-10 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 273-288

Author(s):

Pranab barma ◽

Suprakash Pal ◽

Tarak Nath Goswami

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Insect Pest Management ◽

Management Problems

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Forest Insect Pest Management and Forest Management in China: An Overview

Environmental Management ◽

10.1007/s00267-011-9697-1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 48 (6) ◽

pp. 1107-1121 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Lanzhu Ji ◽

Zhen Wang ◽

Xiaowei Wang ◽

Linli An

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Insect Pest Management ◽

Forest Insect

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The Forest Manager's Entomological Dream

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc46044-1 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 44-48

Author(s):

Kenneth Graham

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Relevant Information ◽

The Other ◽

Insect Pest Management ◽

Short Term ◽

Forest Insect ◽

Positive Action ◽

The Moment ◽

Oriented Research

Decision-making in insect pest management requires a large resource of information for predicting, evaluating and interpreting causes of insect aggressions, and funds of information on alternatives between no action and various courses of positive action. The task of searching out relevant information for these purposes is immensely complex, and relevance is difficult to evaluate when seen only in the short term context which clamors for "action now".Research is conducted in two philosophically different ways. The more usual approach is technique-oriented and sifts extensively for the hidden truths of nature. Then the facts are surveyed for possible, and often unpredicted applications. Diverse motives spur an investigator on. Often it appears that he is unclear of the full relevance of his own effort in relation to the problem he hopes to solve. This is part of the price to be paid in the course of gaining factual revelations which are to be directly applicable to pest management, and for the information which assists other researchers in solving problems. The other approach in research reaches out to a speculated goal of manipulating nature in a specifically defined way. The obstacles are envisioned more clearly and attacked more narrowly and intensely. This is called "mission-oriented" research. It often involves more speculation and "intuition", circumventing broad exploration, but is capable of attaining some goals which would be scarcely attainable by the free-directional approach. Both philosophical approaches are complementary in solving problems.There is some justification in assertions that much of research lacks clear relevancy for forest insect pest management. Sometimes there appears no other reason for an undertaking than that it is a popular topic of the moment. However, the broad uncovering of new scientific territory in this way yields much that can be translated into action. Researchers might more often invest their talents in mission-oriented research which preconceives a possible workable goal more explicitly and clearly, using scientific speculation about the working of a facet of nature, then narrowing the experiments to test for workability.

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Forest Insect Pest Management

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America ◽

10.1093/besa/30.4.19 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 19-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. L. Dahlsten ◽

S. H. Dreistadt

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Insect Pest Management ◽

Forest Insect

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Insect Pest Management in Stored Products

Outlooks on Pest Management ◽

10.1564/v31_feb_05 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (1) ◽

pp. 24-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Somiahnadar Rajendran

Keyword(s):

Pest Management ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Control Measures ◽

Stored Products ◽

Insect Pest Management ◽

Insect Infestation ◽

Combination Treatments ◽

Agricultural Produce ◽

Food Commodities

Insects are a common problem in stored produce. The author describes the extent of the problem and approaches to countering it. Stored products of agricultural and animal origin, whether edible or non-edible, are favourite food for insect pests. Durable agricultural produce comprising dry raw and processed commodities and perishables (fresh produce) are vulnerable to insect pests at various stages from production till end-use. Similarly, different animal products and museum objects are infested mainly by dermestids. Insect pests proliferate due to favourable storage conditions, temperature and humidity and availability of food in abundance. In addition to their presence in food commodities, insects occur in storages (warehouses, silos) and processing facilities (flour mills, feed mills). Insect infestation is also a serious issue in processed products and packed commodities. The extent of loss in stored products due to insects varies between countries depending on favourable climatic conditions, and pest control measures adopted. In stored food commodities, insect infestation causes loss in quantity, changes in nutritional quality, altered chemical composition, off-odours, changes in end-use products, dissemination of toxigenic microorganisms and associated health implications. The insects contribute to contaminants such as silk threads, body fragments, hastisetae, excreta and chemical secretions. Insect activity in stored products increases the moisture content favouring the growth of moulds that produce mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxin in stored peanuts). Hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus infesting silkworm cocoons has been reported to act as a carrier of microsporidian parasite Nosema bombycis that causes pebrine disease in silkworms. In dried fish, insect infestation leads to higher bacterial count and uric acid levels. Insects cause damage in hides and skins affecting their subsequent use for making leather products. The trend in stored product insect pest management is skewing in favour of pest prevention, monitoring, housekeeping and finally control. Hermetic storage system can be supplemented with CO2 or phosphine application to achieve quicker results. Pest detection and monitoring has gained significance as an important tool in insect pest management. Pheromone traps originally intended for detection of infestations have been advanced as a mating disruption device ensuing pest suppression in storage premises and processing facilities; pheromones also have to undergo registration protocols similar to conventional insecticides in some countries. Control measures involve reduced chemical pesticide use and more non-chemical inputs such as heat, cold/freezing and desiccants. Furthermore, there is an expanding organic market where physical and biological agents play a key role. The management options for insect control depend on the necessity or severity of pest incidence. Generally, nonchemical treatments, except heat, require more treatment time or investment in expensive equipment or fail to achieve 100% insect mortality. Despite insect resistance, environmental issues and residue problems, chemical control is inevitable and continues to be the most effective and rapid control method. There are limited options with respect to alternative fumigants and the alternatives have constraints as regards environmental and health concerns, cost, and other logistics. For fumigation of fresh agricultural produce, new formulations of ethyl formate and phosphine are commercially applied replacing methyl bromide. Resistance management is now another component of stored product pest management. In recent times, fumigation techniques have improved taking into consideration possible insect resistance. Insect control deploying nanoparticles, alone or as carriers for other control agents, is an emerging area with promising results. As there is no single compound with all the desired qualities, a necessity has arisen to adopt multiple approaches. Cocktail applications or combination treatments (IGRs plus organophosphorus insecticides, diatomaceous earth plus contact insecticides, nanoparticles plus insecticides/pathogens/phytocompounds and conventional fumigants plus CO2; vacuum plus fumigant) have been proved to be more effective. The future of store product insect pest management is deployment of multiple approaches and/or combination treatments to achieve the goal quickly and effectively.

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