Aquatic Test Systems for Studying the Fate of Xenobiotic Compounds

2009 ◽  
pp. 29-29-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
CR Cripe ◽  
PH Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Test Systems ◽  
Xenobiotic Compounds ◽  
Aquatic Test Systems

Variability of Test Systems Used to Assess Ecological Effects of Chemicals

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Schaeffer ◽  
David K. Cox ◽  
Roger A. Deem
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Test System ◽  
Ecological Effect ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Biological Test ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Test Systems ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Aquatic Test Systems ◽  
Selection Of

Numerous chemicals may produce toxicological effects which are ecologically important. Assessment of risk to ecological systems from chemical exposures includes the use of biological test systems to evaluate toxicity. Most biological test systems are laboratory oriented with no clear environmental relevance. To help focus the selection of test systems, we developed a series of descriptions of test system characteristics and suggested some criteria for selecting test systems to determine ecological effect (Novak et al. 1985). Another step in selection process is this evaluation of the variability of aquatic test systems using published data. Using the relative standard deviation, v, we classify variability as Low (v < 10%), Medium (10% ≥ v< 20%), High (20% ≤ v ≤30%) and Very High (>30%).

Design and Interpretation of Herbicide Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism Studies

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Erhardt Zabik ◽  
Jeff D. Wolt
Keyword(s):  
Design Criteria ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Test Systems ◽  
Environmental Processes ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Regulatory Guidelines ◽  
Water Ratio ◽  
Aquatic Test Systems ◽  
Reducing Potential ◽  
Anaerobic System

Herbicides may be exposed to a broad range of anaerobic conditions in the environment. This range can extend from weakly reducing conditions within typically aerobic compartments to stable, strongly reducing conditions in sites well removed from oxidative conditions. Currently, Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) regulatory guidelines specify the design criteria for guideline studies that frequently result in highly stable, strongly reducing test systems. These test systems do not simulate environments where herbicides are likely to occur. Design criteria for anaerobic aquatic test systems can influence the nature of the results of anaerobic aquatic metabolism studies as well as the relevance of these results to natural environmental processes. Design criteria which should be considered are the effects of sediment to water ratio, establishment of an anaerobic system, monitoring the reducing potential (Eh) of the system and the system Eh-pH relationship. These criteria influence how results are interpreted and the extrapolation of data to field environments where herbicides are likely to occur.

Evaluating the resistance of test systems to small scale cheating

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Guo ◽  
Louis Tay ◽  
Fritz Drasgow
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Test Systems

Exploratory assessment of automated hearing test systems

1979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Robertson ◽  
James W. Greene ◽  
Donald W. Maxwell ◽  
Carl E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Test Systems ◽  
Hearing Test

AGGLUTINATION INHIBITION REACTIONS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GONADOTROPHINS

1969 ◽  
Vol 62 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S95-S112 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. W. M. Schuurs
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
New Method ◽  
Test Fluid ◽  
Main Application ◽  
Test Systems

ABSTRACT Various techniques for sensitising erythrocytes and latex particles with gonadotrophins, particularly with HCG, are described. The haemagglutination inhibition reactions are generally interpreted by means of »erythrocyte settling patterns«. By a new method of evaluating these patterns a relatively precise quantitative determination is possible. Latex agglutination inhibition reactions on slides are particularly suitable as rapid qualitative tests. In cases where the maximum attainable sensitivity of the agglutination inhibition tests is insufficient, e. g. for determining LH concentrations in urine, the hormone in the test fluid has to be concentrated or extracted. An alternative method is a modified haemagglutination inhibition test for large volumes which is applicable to unconcentrated urine. Due to non-specific inhibitions the above-mentioned tests cannot be applied to unprocessed serum. Agglutination inhibition tests with HCG are already well advanced, pregnancy diagnosis being their main application. Now that highly purified HCG is available, a satisfactory specificity for these tests can be attained. If the immune system for HCG is used for estimating LH, it has to meet additional specificity requirements. Furthermore, the measure of cross-reaction and the choice of standard merit special attention. Finally, a literature survey is given of test systems in which LH and FSH were used as antigens.

Application of commercial test-systems to identify gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Patyka ◽  
L. Butsenko ◽  
L. Pasichnyk
Keyword(s):  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Anaerobic Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Test System ◽  
Phytopathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Test Systems ◽  
Facultatively Anaerobic ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Aim. To validate the suitability of commercial API 20E test-system (bioMerieux) for the identifi cation and characterization of facultative gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterial isolates. Methods. Conventional mi- crobiological methods, API 20E test-system (bioMerieux) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Re- sults. The identifi cation results for Erwinia amylovora, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pantoea agglome- rans isolates were derived from the conventional and API 20E test systems, which, were in line with the literature data for these species. The API 20E test-system showed high suitability for P. agglomerans isolates identifi cation. Although not all the species of facultatively anaerobic phytopathogenic bacteria may be identi- fi ed using API 20E test-system, its application will surely allow obtaining reliable data about their physiologi- cal and biochemical properties, valuable for identifi cation of bacteria, in the course of 24 h. Conclusions. The results of tests, obtained for investigated species while using API 20E test-system, and those of conventional microbiological methods coincided. The application of API 20E test-system (bioMerieux) ensures fast obtain- ing of important data, which may be used to identify phytopathogenic bacteria of Erwinia, Pectobacterium, Pantoea genera.

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