Surface Irrigation Design Considerations to Facilitate System Performance, Operation, and Maintenance at One Effluent Reuse System in North Carolina

2009 ◽  
pp. 54-54-9
Author(s):  
TW Woody ◽  
AR Rubin ◽  
D Frederick
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Effluent Reuse ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Irrigation Design ◽  
Reuse System

scholarly journals Testing Whole Building LCA: Research and Practice

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrina Simonen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Construction Operation ◽  
System Selection

Research and Practice Environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can be used to evaluate the environmental impacts of a building resulting from manufacturing, construction, operation and maintenance and the end of life demolition and disposal/re-use. Tracking impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions and smog formation, LCA can enable comparison of building proposals testing options of material use, system selection and system performance.

Intelligent product manuals

2000 ◽  
Vol 214 (5) ◽  
pp. 411-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
D T Pham ◽  
S S Dimov ◽  
B J Peat
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
General Design ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Operation And Maintenance ◽  
Support Costs ◽  
Intelligent Product ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Active Assistance

Intelligent product manuals are designed to allow product users to utilize a product as easily, effectively and with as little additional care as possible while minimizing support costs for manufacturers and suppliers. It is first shown how intelligent product manuals address these objectives by utilizing electronic, multimedia and knowledge-based technologies to provide active assistance to the user of the product during tasks such as installation, operation and maintenance. An architecture for the creation and deployment of an intelligent product manual is then proposed and general design considerations are outlined. Finally, four implementation approaches, based on XML, SGML, HTML and PDF technologies, are compared against a set of selection criteria. It is concluded that simple, low-cost solutions are available, which can provide significant benefits for appropriate businesses, including smaller companies.

Design Considerations of a Versatile Simulator for High-Bypass Turbofans

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
C. Balan
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Innovative Design ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Acoustic Impact ◽  
Thrust Reverser ◽  
New Generation

The continuing requirement for performance improvement of higher thrust turbofans is met by increased bypass ratios. The trend toward higher bypass ratios and relatively large-diameter low-pressure-ratio fans requires innovative design approaches, which include shorter inlets, slimmer nacelles, shorter fan ducts and exhaust systems, and possible elimination of thrust reverser. The success of this new generation of high-bypass ducted turbofans depends on understanding the acoustic impact from reduced treatment areas, inlet-fan coupling and operability, as well as overall system performance. To achieve these goals a versatile scale model propulsion simulator large enough to operate as a fan rig, yet small enough to be installed in a wind tunnel for evaluating overall acoustic, operability, and system performance, was developed. The criteria of designing such a simulator and its capabilities are discussed in this paper.

Evaluation of surface irrigation system performance using System Dynamics (SD) approach

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Azmi ◽  
Abdolmajid Liaghat ◽  
Fahimeh Sarmadi
Keyword(s):  
System Dynamics ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Surface Irrigation

Surface Irrigation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis S. Pereira ◽  
José M. Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Use ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Soil Water Deficit ◽  
Inflow Rate ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Surface Irrigation ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Land Leveling

Surface irrigation is the oldest and most widely used irrigation method, more than 83% of the world’s irrigated area. It comprises traditional systems, developed over millennia, and modern systems with mechanized and often automated water application and adopting precise land-leveling. It adapts well to non-sloping conditions, low to medium soil infiltration characteristics, most crops, and crop mechanization as well as environmental conditions. Modern methods provide for water and energy saving, control of environmental impacts, labor saving, and cropping economic success, thus for competing with pressurized irrigation methods. Surface irrigation refers to a variety of gravity application of the irrigation water, which infiltrates into the soil while flowing over the field surface. The ways and timings of how water flows over the field and infiltrates the soil determine the irrigation phases—advance, maintenance or ponding, depletion, and recession—which vary with the irrigation method, namely paddy basin, leveled basin, border and furrow irrigation, generally used for field crops, and wild flooding and water spreading from contour ditches, used for pasture lands. System performance is commonly assessed using the distribution uniformity indicator, while management performance is assessed with the application efficiency or the beneficial water use fraction. The factors influencing system performance are multiple and interacting—inflow rate, field length and shape, soil hydraulics roughness, field slope, soil infiltration rate, and cutoff time—while management performance, in addition to these factors, depends upon the soil water deficit at time of irrigation, thus on the way farmers are able to manage irrigation. The process of surface irrigation is complex to describe because it combines surface flow with infiltration into the soil profile. Numerous mathematical computer models have therefore been developed for its simulation, aimed at both design adopting a target performance and field evaluation of actual performance. The use of models in design allows taking into consideration the factors referred to before and, when adopting any type of decision support system or multicriteria analysis, also taking into consideration economic and environmental constraints and issues. There are various aspects favoring and limiting the adoption of surface irrigation. Favorable aspects include the simplicity of its adoption at farm in flat lands with low infiltration rates, namely when water conveyance and distribution are performed with canal and/or low-pressure pipe systems, low capital investment, and low energy consumption. Most significant limitations include high soil infiltration and high variability of infiltration throughout the field, land leveling requirements, need for control of a constant inflow rate, difficulties in matching irrigation time duration with soil water deficit at time of irrigation, and difficult access to equipment for mechanized and automated water application and distribution. The modernization of surface irrigation systems and design models, as well as models and tools usable to support surface irrigation management, have significantly impacted water use and productivity, and thus competitiveness of surface irrigation.

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