Twelve Year Atmospheric Exposure Study of Stainless Steels in China

Aluminum additions to conventional 18Cr-8Ni austenitic stainless steel compositions impart excellent resistance to high sulfur environments. However, problems are typically encountered with aluminum additions above about 1% due to embrittlement caused by aluminum in solid solution and the precipitation of NiAl. Consequently, little use has been made of aluminum alloy additions to stainless steels for use in sulfur or H2S environments in the chemical industry, energy conversion or generation, and mineral processing, for example.A research program at the Albany Research Center has concentrated on the development of a wrought alloy composition with as low a chromium content as possible, with the idea of developing a low-chromium substitute for 310 stainless steel (25Cr-20Ni) which is often used in high-sulfur environments. On the basis of workability and microstructural studies involving optical metallography on 100g button ingots soaked at 700°C and air-cooled, a low-alloy composition Fe-12Cr-5Ni-4Al (in wt %) was selected for scale up and property evaluation.

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Radiation Damage Studies with the HVEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100096655 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 680-681

Author(s):

J. J. Laidler ◽

B. Mastel

Keyword(s):

Radiation Damage ◽

Stainless Steels ◽

Volume Expansion ◽

Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽

Test Facility ◽

Fast Breeder Reactors ◽

Breeder Reactors ◽

Under Construction ◽

Development Laboratory ◽

Insight Into

One of the major materials problems encountered in the development of fast breeder reactors for commercial power generation is the phenomenon of swelling in core structural components and fuel cladding. This volume expansion, which is due to the retention of lattice vacancies by agglomeration into large polyhedral clusters (voids), may amount to ten percent or greater at goal fluences in some austenitic stainless steels. From a design standpoint, this is an undesirable situation, and it is necessary to obtain experimental confirmation that such excessive volume expansion will not occur in materials selected for core applications in the Fast Flux Test Facility, the prototypic LMFBR now under construction at the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory (HEDL). The HEDL JEM-1000 1 MeV electron microscope is being used to provide an insight into trends of radiation damage accumulation in stainless steels, since it is possible to produce atom displacements at an accelerated rate with 1 MeV electrons, while the specimen is under continuous observation.

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Strain-induced martensite effects on transgranular carbide precipitation in type 304 stainless steels

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100087331 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 604-605

Author(s):

A.H. Advani ◽

L.E. Murr ◽

D. Matlock

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Grain Boundary ◽

Stress Corrosion Cracking ◽

Stainless Steels ◽

Deformation Twin ◽

Austenitic Stainless Steels ◽

Carbide Precipitation ◽

Strain Induced Martensite ◽

Type 304

Thermomechanically induced strain is a key variable producing accelerated carbide precipitation, sensitization and stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steels (SS). Recent work has indicated that higher levels of strain (above 20%) also produce transgranular (TG) carbide precipitation and corrosion simultaneous with the grain boundary phenomenon in 316 SS. Transgranular precipitates were noted to form primarily on deformation twin-fault planes and their intersections in 316 SS.Briant has indicated that TG precipitation in 316 SS is significantly different from 304 SS due to the formation of strain-induced martensite on 304 SS, though an understanding of the role of martensite on the process has not been developed. This study is concerned with evaluating the effects of strain and strain-induced martensite on TG carbide precipitation in 304 SS. The study was performed on samples of a 0.051%C-304 SS deformed to 33% followed by heat treatment at 670°C for 1 h.

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Carbide precipitation and chromium depletion on coherent twin boundaries in deformed 304 stainless steels

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100130717 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1216-1217

Author(s):

A.H. Advani ◽

L.E. Murr ◽

D.J. Matlock ◽

W.W. Fisher ◽

P.M. Tarin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundaries ◽

Stainless Steels ◽

Interfacial Free Energy ◽

Carbide Precipitation ◽

Twin Boundaries ◽

Invariant Structure ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Constant Structure ◽

Cr Depletion

Coherent annealing-twin boundaries are constant structure and energy interfaces with an average interfacial free energy of ∼19mJ/m2 versus ∼210 and ∼835mJ/m2 for incoherent twins and “regular” grain boundaries respectively in 304 stainless steels (SS). Due to their low energy, coherent twins form carbides about a factor of 100 slower than grain boundaries, and limited work has also shown differences in Cr-depletion (sensitization) between twin versus grain boundaries. Plastic deformation, may, however, alter the kinetics and thermodynamics of twin-sensitization which is not well understood. The objective of this work was to understand the mechanisms of carbide precipitation and Cr-depletion on coherent twin boundaries in deformed SS. The research is directed toward using this invariant structure and energy interface to understand and model the role of interfacial characteristics on deformation-induced sensitization in SS. Carbides and Cr-depletion were examined on a 20%-strain, 0.051%C-304SS, heat treated to 625°C-4.5h, as described elsewhere.

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Deformation effects on transgranular carbide precipitation in 304 stainless steels

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100121703 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 260-261

Author(s):

A.H. Advani ◽

L.E. Murr ◽

D.J. Matlock ◽

W.W. Fisher ◽

P.M. Tarin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steels ◽

True Strain ◽

Carbide Precipitation ◽

Material Research ◽

Chromium Depletion ◽

Engineering Strain ◽

Twin Fault ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Strain Induced Martensite ◽

The Relationship

Plastic deformation is a key variable producing accelerated intergranular (IG) carbide precipitation and chromium-depletion (sensitization) development in stainless steels. Deformation above 20% also produces transgranular (TG) carbides and depletion in the material. Research on TG carbides in SS is, however, limited and has indicated that the precipitation is site-specific preferring twin-fault intersections in 316 SS versus deformation-induced martensite and martensite lath-boundaries in 304 SS. Evidences indicating the relation between martensite and carbides were, however, sketchy.The objective of this work was to fundamentally understand the relationship between TG carbides and strain-induced martensite in 304 SS. Since strain-induced martensite forms at twin-fault intersections in 304 SS and the crystallography of the transformation is well understood, we believed that it could be key in understanding mechanisms of carbides and sensitization in SS. A 0.051% C, 304 SS deformed to ∽33% engineering strain (40% true strain) and heat treated at 670°C/ 0.1-10h was used for the research. The study was carried out on a Hitachi H-8000 STEM at 200 kV.

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A TEM study of the effect of oxygen on nanocavity formation and precipitation in rapid - solidified Fe-16Ni-9Cr stainless steels

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100171237 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 700-701

Author(s):

S. Wisutmethangoon ◽

T. F. Kelly ◽

J.E. Flinn

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steels ◽

High Mobility ◽

Hot Extrusion ◽

Extrusion Ratio ◽

Gas Atomization ◽

Cavity Formation ◽

Nucleation Sites ◽

Heat Treated ◽

Different Types ◽

Effect Of Oxygen

Vacancies are introduced into the crystal phase during quenching of rapid solidified materials. Cavity formation occurs because of the coalescence of the vacancies into a cluster. However, because of the high mobility of vacancies at high temperature, most of them will diffuse back into the liquid phase, and some will be lost to defects such as dislocations. Oxygen is known to stabilize cavities by decreasing the surface energy through a chemisorption process. These stabilized cavities, furthermore, act as effective nucleation sites for precipitates to form during aging. Four different types of powders with different oxygen contents were prepared by gas atomization processing. The atomized powders were then consolidated by hot extrusion at 900 °C with an extrusion ratio 10,5:1. After consolidation, specimens were heat treated at 1000 °C for 1 hr followed by water quenching. Finally, the specimens were aged at 600 °C for about 800 hrs. TEM samples were prepared from the gripends of tensile specimens of both unaged and aged alloys.

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