Interspecific and Geographical Variation of the Chromium Sensitivity of Algae

2009 ◽  
pp. 537-537-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
GF Riedel
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation

Estimation of geographical variation of cancer risks in drinking water in Japan

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
K. Ohno ◽  
E. Kadota ◽  
Y. Kondo ◽  
T. Kamei ◽  
Y. Magara
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Big Cities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Plausible Reason

The cancer risks posed by ten substances in raw and purified water were estimated for each municipality in Japan to compare risks between raw and purified water, and inter-municipality. Water concentrations were estimated by use of statistical data. Assigning cancer unit risks to each substance and applying the assumption of additive toxicological effects to multiple carcinogens, total cancer risks of the waters were estimated. As a result, the geometric means of total cancer risks in raw and purified water were 1.16×10−5 and 2.18×10−5, respectively. In raw water, the contribution ratio of arsenic to total cancer risk accounted for 97%. In purified water, that of four trihalomethanes (THMs) accounted for 54%. The increase of total cancer risks in purified water was due to THMs. In regard to the geographical variation, the relationship between population size and total cancer risks were investigated. The result was that there were higher cancer risks in the big cities with the population more than a million both in raw and purified water. One plausible reason for the higher risks in purified water in the big cities is a larger chlorination dose due to the huge water supply areas. The reason for the increase in raw water remained unclear.

Geographical variation in the bill–flower fit in a plant–pollinator interaction in western Mexico

Biotropica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisol Ocampo‐Sandoval ◽  
María del Coro Arizmendi‐Arriaga ◽  
Mark E. Olson ◽  
Luis A. Sánchez‐González
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Western Mexico ◽  
Plant Pollinator

scholarly journals Geographical variation and clustering are found in atrial fibrillation beyond socioeconomic differences: a Danish cohort study, 1987–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirstine Wodschow ◽  
Kristine Bihrmann ◽  
Mogens Lytken Larsen ◽  
Gunnar Gislason ◽  
Annette Kjær Ersbøll
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Socioeconomic Position ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Geographical Variations

Abstract Background The prevalence and incidence rate of atrial fibrillation (AF) increase worldwide and AF is a risk factor for more adverse cardiovascular diseases including stroke. Approximately 44% of AF cases cannot be explained by common individual risk factors and risk might therefore also be related to the environment. By studying geographical variation and clustering in risk of incident AF adjusted for socioeconomic position at an individual level, potential neighbourhood risk factors could be revealed. Methods Initially, yearly AF incidence rates 1987–2015 were estimated overall and stratified by income in a register-based cohort study. To examine geographical variation and clustering in AF, we used both spatial scan statistics and a hierarchical Bayesian Poisson regression analysis of AF incidence rates with random effect of municipalities (n = 98) in Denmark in 2011–2015. Results The 1987–2015 cohort included 5,453,639 individuals whereof 369,800 were diagnosed with an incident AF. AF incidence rate increased from 174 to 576 per 100,000 person-years from 1987 to 2015. Inequality in AF incidence rate ratio between highest and lowest income groups increased from 23% in 1987 to 38% in 2015. We found clustering and geographical variation in AF incidence rates, with incidence rates at municipality level being up to 34% higher than the country mean after adjusting for socioeconomic position. Conclusions Geographical variations and clustering in AF incidence rates exist. Compared to previous studies from Alberta, Canada and the United States, we show that geographical variations exist in a country with free access to healthcare and even when accounting for socioeconomic differences at an individual level. An increasing social inequality in AF was seen from 1987 to 2015. Therefore, when planning prevention strategies, attention to individuals with low income should be given. Further studies focusing on identification of neighbourhood risk factors for AF are needed.

scholarly journals The Consequences of the 1959–1961 Chinese Famine for Educational Attainment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret J. Lay ◽  
Johannes Norling
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Place Of Residence ◽  
Intensity Information

AbstractThis paper finds that the Great Chinese Famine of 1959–1961 reduced lifetime educational attainment by up to 3.8 years for people who lived in areas most severely hit by the famine. Using geographical variation in famine intensity, information about place of residence during the famine, and educational attainment recorded in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, the paper demonstrates that the decline in educational attainment was particularly sharp for women. This decline interrupted substantial gains in schooling achieved in China during the middle part of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Geographical Variation and Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer Mortality in a Universal Health Care System

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Torabi ◽  
Christopher Green ◽  
Zoann Nugent ◽  
Salaheddin M Mahmud ◽  
Alain A Demers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Universal Health Care ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Universal Health

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the geographical variation and small geographical area level factors associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) mortality.METHODS: Information regarding CRC mortality was obtained from the population-based Manitoba Cancer Registry, population counts were obtained from Manitoba’s universal health care plan Registry and characteristics of the area of residence were obtained from the 2001 Canadian census. Bayesian spatial Poisson mixed models were used to evaluate the geographical variation of CRC mortality and Poisson regression models for determining associations with CRC mortality. Time trends of CRC mortality according to income group were plotted using joinpoint regression.RESULTS: The southeast (mortality rate ratio [MRR] 1.31 [95% CI 1.12 to 1.54) and southcentral (MRR 1.62 [95% CI 1.35 to 1.92]) regions of Manitoba had higher CRC mortality rates than suburban Winnipeg (Manitoba’s capital city). Between 1985 and 1996, CRC mortality did not vary according to household income; however, between 1997 and 2009, individuals residing in the highest-income areas were less likely to die from CRC (MRR 0.77 [95% CI 0.65 to 0.89]). Divergence in CRC mortality among individuals residing in different income areas increased over time, with rising CRC mortality observed in the lowest income areas and declining CRC mortality observed in the higher income areas.CONCLUSIONS: Individuals residing in lower income neighbourhoods experienced rising CRC mortality despite residing in a jurisdiction with universal health care and should receive increased efforts to reduce CRC mortality. These findings should be of particular interest to the provincial CRC screening programs, which may be able to reduce the disparities in CRC mortality by reducing the disparities in CRC screening participation.

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