Comparison of Mode II Fracture Toughness Test Methods for Wood and Wood-Based Composites

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 20160555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Mohamadzadeh ◽  
Daniel Hindman
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Fracture Toughness Test ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture ◽  
Toughness Test ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture Toughness

CMC Mode II Crack Growth Resistance Prediction of ASTM Specimen and Test Validation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Abdi ◽  
Cody Godines ◽  
Michael J. Presby ◽  
Amir Eftekharian ◽  
Jalees Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Crack Growth ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Crack Tip ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Crack Growth Resistance ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture Toughness ◽  
Mode Ii Crack

Abstract The objective of this effort is to predict ceramic matrix composites (CMC) interlaminar Mode II Crack Growth Resistance (CGR), and the design of ASTM test specimen. Currently, there are a number of test standards and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for CMC’s at both ambient and elevated temperatures; however, there are no standardized test methods for determination of interlaminar shear (Mode II) fracture toughness in CMC’s. Although research work exists on interlaminar Mode II fracture toughness of CMC’s, the test methods applied showed definite drawbacks and limitations. Delamination Crack Growth (CGR) tests of CMC Mode II may exhibit zig-zag pattern, wavy cracks, fiber bridging, and premature specimen failure under bending load. The experimental parameters that may contribute to the difficulty can be summarized as specimen width and thickness, interface coating thickness, mixed mode failure evolution, and interlaminar defects. Modes II crack growth resistances, GII, were analytically and numerically determined at ambient temperature using end notched flexure (ENF) and the end-loaded split (ELS). Finite Element (FE) based. Multi-scale progressive failure analysis (MS-PFA) a combined Micro-mechanical damage and fracture mechanics Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) algorithms. Modeling of melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC CMC of ENF specimen (Laminate: with initial crack length was accomplished using a MS-PFA and VCCT approach. Test data were compared with MS-PFA prediction: a) Force vs. Crack Opening Displacement; and b) Mode II crack tip energy release rate vs. crack extension length for both edge and center line due to formation of Micro Crack Density Contribution, Crack Tip Stiffness Reduction; and c) zig-zag crack growth behavior (adhesive/cohesive). Next the ASTM Standard Proposed linear SGR equation was developed based on interpretation compliance technique from both MS-PFA Analysis and Test.

An Investigation of the End-Notched Flexure and End-Loaded Split Tests Applied to the Mode II Interlaminar Fracture of a SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Presby ◽  
Manigandan Kannan ◽  
Gregory N. Morscher ◽  
Cody Godines ◽  
Amirhossein Eftekharian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Ceramic Matrix ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture Toughness

Abstract Delamination is a common failure mode observed in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) and occurs as a result of applied interlaminar tensile and shear stresses exceeding the interlaminar strength. As CMCs are further implemented into aero engines, the need to understand their interlaminar failure becomes increasingly important. While significant contributions have been made toward understanding the mode I fracture toughness of CMCs, limited work exists on mode II. Several test methods for measuring the mode II fracture toughness have been proposed in the literature, namely, the end-notched flexure (ENF) and the end-loaded split (ELS) tests. This work investigates the mode II fracture toughness of a melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC CMC at ambient temperature using the ENF and ELS test methods. Acoustic emission (AE), direct current potential drop (DCPD), and digital image correlation (DIC) are implemented as health monitoring techniques to monitor crack initiation and propagation. Results show reasonable correlation between the two test methods and that the ELS test method is better suited for characterizing R-curve behavior.

An Investigation of the End-Notched Flexure and End-Loaded Split Tests Applied to the Mode II Interlaminar Fracture of a SiC/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composite

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Presby ◽  
K. Manigandan ◽  
Gregory N. Morscher ◽  
Cody Godines ◽  
Amir Eftekharian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Ceramic Matrix Composites ◽  
Ceramic Matrix ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Image Correlation ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture Toughness

Abstract Delamination is a common failure mode observed in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) and occurs as a result of applied interlaminar tensile and shear stresses exceeding the interlaminar strength. As CMCs are further implemented into aero engines the need to understand their interlaminar failure becomes increasingly important. While significant contributions have been made toward understanding the mode I fracture toughness of CMCs, limited work exists on mode II. Several test methods for measuring the mode II fracture toughness have been proposed in literature, namely the end-notched flexure (ENF) and the end-loaded split (ELS) tests. This work investigates the mode II fracture toughness of a melt-infiltrated SiC/SiC CMC at ambient temperature using the ENF and ELS test methods. Acoustic emission (AE), direct current potential drop (DCPD), and digital image correlation (DIC) are implemented as health monitoring techniques to monitor crack initiation and propagation. Results show reasonable correlation between the two test methods and that the ELS test method is better suited for characterizing R-curve behavior.

Ceramic Matrix Composite Interlaminar Fracture Toughness (Mode I-II) Characterization

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Abdi ◽  
Harsh Baid ◽  
Jalees Ahmad ◽  
Steve Gonczy ◽  
Gregory N. Morscher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Fracture Energy ◽  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Mode I ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture ◽  
Test Standards ◽  
Mode Behavior ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture Toughness

The objective of this effort is to develop and demonstrate innovative interlaminar Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness analysis and test methods for ceramic matrix composites (CMC). Currently, there are number of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) test standards for CMC’s at both ambient and elevated temperatures, including interlaminar tension and shear strength test methods. However, there are no standardized test methods for determination of interlaminar fracture toughness in CMC’s. Although research work exists on interlaminar Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness of various types of CMC’s, the test methods applied particularly in Mode II fracture toughness testing showed definite drawbacks and limitations. ASTM test standards for CMC’s may exhibit a zig-zag (wavy) crack path pattern, and fiber bridging. The experimental parameters that may contribute to the difficulty can be summarized as: specimen width and thickness, interface coating thickness, mixed mode failure evolution, and interlaminar defects. Modes I and II crack growth resistances, GI and GII, were analytically determined at ambient temperature using double cantilever beam (DCB) and End Notched Flexure (ENF) geometries. Three (3) CMC material systems were analyzed (Sylramic/IBN/MI, SiC/SiC CVI, and SiC/CAS). Several Finite Element (FE) based potential techniques were investigated: a) Multi-scale progressive failure analysis (MS-PFA); b) Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT); and c) Contour Integral (CI). Advantages and disadvantages of each were identified. The final modeling algorithm recommended was an integrated damage and fracture evolution methodology using MS-PFA and VCCT. The analysis results (Fracture energy vs. crack length, Fracture energy vs. load, Fracture energy vs. crack opening displacement) matched the Mode I and Mode II coupon tests and revealed the following key findings. Mode I-DCB specimen: 1) Sylramic/IBN/MI failure mode is due to interlaminar tension (ILT) only in the interface section and a zig-zag pattern observed 2) VCCT crack growth resistance of Sylramic/IBN/MI is well matched to the test data and 3) SiC/SiC CVI failure mode is a mixed mode behavior (ILT to interlaminar shear (ILS). Mode II ENF specimen MS-PFA analysis suggests mixed mode behavior and the zig-zag pattern similar to Mode I coupon tests.

scholarly journals Environmental effects on mode II fracture toughness of unidirectional E-glass/vinyl ester laminated composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 382-393
Author(s):  
Mazaher Salamt-Talab ◽  
Fatemeh Delzendehrooy ◽  
Alireza Akhavan-Safar ◽  
Mahdi Safari ◽  
Hossein Bahrami-Manesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Vinyl Ester ◽  
Cohesive Zone Model ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Sharp Drop ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture Toughness

Abstract In this article, mode II fracture toughness ( G IIc {G}_{\text{IIc}} ) of unidirectional E-glass/vinyl ester composites subjected to sulfuric acid aging is studied at two different temperatures (25 and 90°C). Specimens were manufactured using the hand lay-up method with the [ 0 ] 20 {{[}0]}_{20} stacking sequence. To study the effects of environmental conditions, samples were exposed to 30 wt% sulfuric acid at room temperature (25°C) for 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. Some samples were also placed in the same solution but at 90°C and for 3, 6, 9, and 12 days to determine the interlaminar fracture toughness at different aging conditions. Fracture tests were conducted using end notched flexure (ENF) specimens according to ASTM D7905. The results obtained at 25°C showed that mode II fracture toughness increases for the first 2 weeks of aging and then it decreases for the last 8 weeks. It was also found that the flexural modulus changes with the same trend. Based on the results of the specimens aged at 90°C, a sharp drop in fracture toughness and flexural modulus with a significant decrease in maximum load have been observed due to the aging. Finite element simulations were performed using the cohesive zone model (CZM) to predict the global response of the tested beams.

scholarly journals Displacement Rate Effects on the Mode II Shear Delamination Behavior of Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1881
Author(s):  
Kean Ong Low ◽  
Mahzan Johar ◽  
Haris Ahmad Israr ◽  
Khong Wui Gan ◽  
Seyed Saeid Rahimian Koloor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Epoxy Composites ◽  
Displacement Rate ◽  
Interface Debonding ◽  
Mode Ii ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Unstable Crack ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture ◽  
Mode Ii Fracture Toughness

This paper studies the influence of displacement rate on mode II delamination of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composites. End-notched flexure test is performed at displacement rates of 1, 10, 100 and 500 mm/min. Experimental results reveal that the mode II fracture toughness GIIC increases with the displacement, with a maximum increment of 45% at 100 mm/min. In addition, scanning electron micrographs depict that fiber/matrix interface debonding is the major damage mechanism at 1 mm/min. At higher speeds, significant matrix-dominated shear cusps are observed contributing to higher GIIC. Besides, it is demonstrated that the proposed rate-dependent model is able to fit the experimental data from the current study and the open literature generally well. The mode II fracture toughness measured from the experiment or deduced from the proposed model can be used in the cohesive element model to predict failure. Good agreement is found between the experimental and numerical results, with a maximum difference of 10%. The numerical analyses indicate crack jump occurs suddenly after the peak load is attained, which leads to the unstable crack propagation seen in the experiment.

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