Fabrication of Thermal Probes for Estimation of Soil Thermal Resistivity

The self-heated thermistor technique was used to measure the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of biomaterials at low temperatures. Thermal standards were selected to calibrate the system at temperatures from −10°C to −70°C. The thermal probes were constructed with a convection barrier which eliminates convection inside liquid samples of low viscosity, without affecting the conductivity and diffusivity results. Using this technique, the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of two organ perfusates (HP5 and HP5 + 2M glycerol), one kidney phantom (a low ionic strength gel), as well as rabbit kidney cortex have been measured from −10°C to −70°C.

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Observation of an Anomaly in the Thermal Resistivity and the Lorentz Number of the Metallic Antiferromagnet CeAl

Physical Review Letters ◽

10.1103/physrevlett.27.148 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 148-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. Fote ◽

T. Mihalisin

Keyword(s):

Thermal Resistivity ◽

Lorentz Number

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Determination of Zr Inoculation Effect on Improving Thermal Resistivity of EC Grade Aluminum

Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals ◽

10.1007/s12666-014-0483-7 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 535-541 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alpay Tamer Ertürk ◽

Ersin Asım Güven ◽

Sedat Karabay

Keyword(s):

Thermal Resistivity

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Spatial summation of heat-induced pain: influence of stimulus area and spatial separation of stimuli on perceived pain sensation intensity and unpleasantness

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1989.62.6.1270 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 62 (6) ◽

pp. 1270-1279 ◽

Cited By ~ 143

Author(s):

D. D. Price ◽

J. G. McHaffie ◽

M. A. Larson

Keyword(s):

Spatial Summation ◽

Stimulus Size ◽

Experimental Series ◽

Pain Sensation ◽

Thermal Probe ◽

Spinothalamic Tract ◽

Nociceptive Neurons ◽

Thermal Probes ◽

Perceived Pain ◽

Thermal Stimuli

1. Psychophysical experiments were initiated to determine the possible influence of increasing stimulus size on perceived pain intensity. Six trained human subjects (5 male, 1 female) made visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings for pain-sensation intensity and unpleasantness in response to nociceptive thermal stimuli. Test stimuli consisted of 5-s duration heat pulses (45-50 degrees C in 1 degrees increments) delivered by one, two, or three contact thermal probes (1 cm2 each) applied to the medial aspect of the anterior forearm. 2. The area of skin receiving noxious thermal stimuli was changed by randomly varying the number of thermodes activated. The effects of varying the distance between the thermal probes also were evaluated. In the first series of experiments, thermal-probe separation was kept close to 0; in subsequent experimental series, the thermodes were separated by either 5 or 10 cm. 3. In each experimental series, considerable spatial summation occurred in both pain-sensation intensity and unpleasantness dimensions of pain. This summation occurred throughout the nociceptive thermal range of 45-50 degrees C and was larger at suprathreshold temperatures (greater than or equal to 47 degrees C) than those near threshold (less than or equal to 46 degrees C). Unlike spatial summation of perceived warmth, that of pain was not characterized by systematic changes in power-function exponents but as approximately upward parallel displacements in double-logarithmic coordinates. 4. Thermal-probe separation over a range of 0-10 cm had no effects on spatial summation of pain-sensation intensity or pain unpleasantness. In contrast, increasing thermal-probe separation increased the subjects' ability to discriminate differences in stimulus size and their ability to detect correctly the number of thermal probes activated. 5. Because affective VAS ratings of unpleasantness were linearly related to, but distinctly and systematically less than, VAS ratings of pain-sensation intensity, it was clear that subjects responded quite differently to these two pain dimensions. Affective judgements were not additionally influenced by thermal probe separation and hence by the ability to perceive stimulus size or number of thermal probes activated. 6. The results indicate that powerful spatial-summation mechanisms exist for heat-induced pain. Spatial summation of pain is likely to be subserved both by local integration mechanisms at the level of single spinothalamic-tract neurons and by recruitment of central nociceptive neurons, because spatial summation of pain occurred to approximately equal extents under conditions of thermode separations over a distance of at least 20 cm.

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