Specification for Loose-Fill Rubber for Use as a Playground Safety Surface under and around Playground Equipment

10.1520/f3012 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Playground Safety ◽  
Loose Fill

Safety of School Playgrounds: Field Analysis From a Randomized Sample

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Olsen ◽  
Eric Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
School Nurses ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Safety Practices ◽  
School Playgrounds ◽  
Playground Safety ◽  
Safety Strategies ◽  
Impact Attenuation ◽  
Loose Fill ◽  
Attenuation Characteristics

Research supports recess, however, playground injuries are prevalent with more than 200,000 cases per year requiring medical attention. School playgrounds are among the leading location for injury. The purpose was to identify the safety and risk factors of playground environments and impact attenuation characteristics of surfacing materials. Results demonstrated 46% playground spaces protected students from traffic. Results found 75% of playgrounds were exposed to full sun, and unitary surface materials were up to 49°F warmer than the air temperature. There was an increase in the probability of risk whether equipment height was over 9 ft for loose fill surfacing materials or over 6 ft for unitary surfaces. Loose strings or ropes looped over equipment were found on 23% of playgrounds. This study provides discussion and data pertaining to numerous aspects of playground safety. Strategies for school nurses are shared to shape policies and education for playground safety practices.

Influence of soil nail orientations on stabilizing mechanisms of loose fill slopes

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1236-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.Y. Cheuk ◽  
K.K.S. Ho ◽  
A.Y.T. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Earth Pressure ◽  
Slope Movement ◽  
Numerical Analyses ◽  
Soil Nails ◽  
Soil Nail ◽  
Static Liquefaction ◽  
Liquefaction Failure ◽  
Loose Fill ◽  
Typical Design

Soil nailing has been used to upgrade substandard loose fill slopes in Hong Kong. Due to the possibility of static liquefaction failure, a typical design arrangement comprises a structural slope facing anchored by a grid of soil nails bonded into the in situ ground. Numerical analyses have been conducted to examine the influence of soil nail orientations on the behaviour of the ground nail–facing system. The results suggest that the use of steeply inclined nails throughout the entire slope could avoid global instability, but could lead to significant slope movement especially when sliding failure prevails, for instance, due to interface liquefaction. The numerical analyses also demonstrate that if only subhorizontal nails are used, the earth pressure exerted on the slope facing may cause uplift failure of the slope cover. To overcome the shortcomings of using soil nails at a single orientation, a hybrid nail arrangement comprising nails at two different orientations is proposed. The numerical analyses illustrate that the hybrid nail arrangement would limit slope movement and enhance the robustness of the system.

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