Test Method for Determination of Deposition of Aerially Applied Oil Spill Dispersants

ABSTRACT The use of oil spill dispersants is often regulated by national authorities to ensure that products approved for use as dispersants on spilled oil in national waters are of reasonable effectiveness and of low inherent toxicity. KING (Kazakh Institute of Oil & Gas) undertook a study to assess the use of oil spill dispersants on spilled oils in the Kazakhstan sector of the Caspian Sea (KSCS) to support decision-making for such regulations in the RoK (Republic of Kazakhstan). The KSCS has some characteristics that are unlike open ocean conditions in other parts of the world; the salinity is much lower than in the open sea. The shallow waters of the northern Caspian Sea have very low salinity (9 psu (practical salinity units) or less) due to the inflow of freshwater from the River Volga, and are frozen in winter. The deeper water in the southern part of the KSCS has a salinity of up to 14 psu. The effectiveness of oil spill dispersants is known to be affected by water salinity. Different countries around the world have developed different test methods to assess dispersant effectiveness. The project examined the options and decided to modify the WSL (Warren Spring Laboratory) LR 448 dispersant effectiveness test method, as used in the UK. The method was adapted by KING and testing was conducted by Karaganda State University (KSU) to test a variety of dispersants under Caspian Sea conditions. Dispersant effectiveness testing should be conducted with a test oil that is representative of oils that might be spilled in the area being considered. Kashagan crude oil was distilled to 200°C to simulate the evaporative loss that would occur shortly after the oil was spilled at sea and the residue used as the test oil in the dispersant effectiveness testing. Several commercially-available dispersants were tested using the modified LR 448 method with the 200°C+ Kashagan test oil under a variety of conditions with salinities ranging from 0 psu to 35 psu and at temperatures of 5°C and 25°C. The results indicate that some internationally recognized dispersants could be suitable for use in the KSCS.

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A comparison of standard test methods for determining the laboratory effectiveness of oil spill dispersants: their benefits and drawbacks

Industrial laboratory Diagnostics of materials ◽

10.26896/1028-6861-2021-87-1-23-29 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 23-29

Author(s):

K. Osipov ◽

T. V. Mokochunina ◽

D. I. Panyukova ◽

M. V. Trukhina ◽

T. A. Maryutina

Keyword(s):

Oil Spill ◽

High Energy ◽

Test Methods ◽

Standard Test ◽

Test Method ◽

Uv Spectrophotometry ◽

Standard Test Method ◽

Oil Spill Dispersants ◽

Dispersant Effectiveness ◽

Correct Understanding

A comparison of two standard test methods for determining the laboratory effectiveness of oil spill dispersants — ASTM F2059-17 «Standard Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Swirling Flask» and ASTM F3251-17 «Standard Test Method for Laboratory Oil Spill Dispersant Effectiveness Using the Baffled Flask» — is presented in this article. It is underlined that ASTM F2059-17 and ASTM F3251-17 are almost identical from the methodological and technical points of view. The main differences lie in specific design features of the applied test vessels and mixing energies created inside them. It is reasonably established that ASTM F2059-17 can be defined as a low-energy, but ASTM F3251-17 — as a high-energy laboratory test method. The specific examples of application of the test methods for determining the effectiveness of commercially available dispersants are given. It is also concluded that both test methods are necessary to apply for a correct understanding of the dispersant effectiveness. Herewith, the results obtained according to ASTM F2059-17 should be conditionally considered as the lower limit and those according to ASTM F3251-17 — the upper limit of effectiveness of the dispersant. Moreover, the use of gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) is emphasized to be sometimes impossible as a recommended in both ASTM F2059-17 and ASTM F3251-17 method for analyzing the oil extracts obtained during the test. The UV spectrophotometry is proposed instead of GC-FID as an alternative. However, its application is possible only after mandatory optimization of the measurement parameters for each specific oil.

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THE LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF DISPERSANT EFFECTIVENESS: METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND RESULTS

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-1981-1-11 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 1981 (1) ◽

pp. 11-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Donald Mackay ◽

Foon Szeto

Keyword(s):

Method Development ◽

Test Method ◽

Crude Oils ◽

Wide Range ◽

Flow Geometry ◽

Oil Spill Dispersants ◽

Dispersant Effectiveness ◽

Original Amount ◽

Better Than

ABSTRACT A research project is described in which a previously devised effectiveness test for chemical oil spill dispersants was further developed and standardized. The principle of the test is that known volumes of dispersant and crude oil are contacted on the surface of seawater in a laboratory-scale vessel in which there is a circulating air current that imparts a swirling wave action to the water. This flow geometry is believed to simulate ocean surface conditions better than tests that involve shaking, stirring, or pumping as turbulence-generating mechanisms. From the results of a series of tests at various dispersant-to-oil ratios, the ratios that affect the dispersion of 50 and 75 percent of the original amount of oil added to the water surface are calculated and used as an indication of dispersant effectiveness. The corresponding percent of the oil that remains dispersed after settling is also deduced. The results of a series of tests using two crude oils, Murban (light) and La Rosa (heavy), and 17 dispersants are presented. These results show a wide range in the dispersant-to-oil ratio necessary to achieve 50- to 75-percent dispersion. Five products failed to achieve 50-percent dispersion of both crude oils at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 0.2, which is regarded as the practical upper limit of dispersant dosage. There was a group of highly effective dispersants requiring a dispersant-to-oil ratio of only 0.005 to 0.007 to accomplish 50-percent dispersion. The test method can discriminate between two dispersant products with effectivenesses which differ by approximately 10 percent. The implications of these experimental results are discussed.

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Tire Treadwear — A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Factors: Generic Type, Aspect Ratio, Tread Pattern, and Tread Composition Part I: Introduction and Details on the Organization of the Program

Tire Science and Technology ◽

10.2346/1.2148774 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 201-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. G. Veith

Keyword(s):

Aspect Ratio ◽

Comprehensive Evaluation ◽

Test Method ◽

Interactive Effects ◽

Data Analyses ◽

Main Effect ◽

Systematic Determination ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Abstract This four-part series of papers addresses the problem of systematic determination of the influence of several tire factors on tire treadwear. Both the main effect of each factor and some of their interactive effects are included. The program was also structured to evaluate the influence of some external-to-tire conditions on the relationship of tire factors to treadwear. Part I describes the experimental design used to evaluate the effects on treadwear of generic tire type, aspect ratio, tread pattern (groove or void level), type of pattern (straight rib or block), and tread compound. Construction procedures and precautions used to obtain a valid and functional test method are included. Two guiding principles to be used in the data analyses of Parts II and III are discussed. These are the fractional groove and void concept, to characterize tread pattern geometry, and a demonstration of the equivalence of wear rate for identical compounds on whole tread or multi-section tread tires.

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MICROBIAL COMMUNITY DURING BIOREMEDIATION EXPERIMENTAL ON OIL SPILL IN COASTAL OF PARI ISLAND

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.29244/jitkt.v3i1.7838 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lies Indah Sutiknowati

Keyword(s):

Oil Spill ◽

Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Oil Degradation ◽

Sequence Determination ◽

Blast Search ◽

Degrading Bacteria ◽

Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

There is an information how to identify hydrocarbon degrading bacteria for bioremediation of marine oil spill. We have Bioremediation treatment for degradation of oil spill on Pari island and need two kind of experiment there are tanks experiment (sampling 0 to 90 days) and semi enclosed system (sampling 0 to 150 days). Biostimulation with nutrients (N and P) was done to analyze biodegradation of hydrocarbon compounds. Experiment design using fertilizer Super IB and Linstar will stimulate bacteria can degrade oil, n-alkane, and alkane as poly aromatic hydrocarbon. The bacteria communities were monitored and analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and Clone Library; oil chemistry was analyzed by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from colonies of bacteria and sequence determination of the 16S rDNA was amplified by primers U515f and U1492r. Strains had been sequence and had similarity about 90-99% to their closest taxa by homology Blast search and few of them suspected as new species. The results showed that fertilizers gave a significant effect on alkane, PAH and oil degradation in tanks experiment but not in the field test. Dominant of the specific bacteria on this experiment were Alcanivorax, Marinobacter and Prosthecochloris. Keywords: Bioremediation, Biostimulation, DGGE, PAH, Pari Island

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