Standard Guide for Standard Test Methods and Practices Available for Determining Antifungal Activity on Natural or Synthetic Substrates Treated with Antimicrobial Agents

Abstract Standard laboratory methods are needed to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial agents that are applied to biofilm bacteria. Existing standard suspension tests and dried surface tests show much greater efficacy than antimicrobial agents applied to biofilms. The greater resistance of biofilm bacteria to antimicrobial agents can be attributed to a number of interacting factors, including reaction and diffusion processes that limit an agent's accessibility to bacteria, phenotypic changes in biofilm bacteria caused by stress, and adaptation of the bacteria. Because biofilm systems are so diverse, a variety of new biofilm tests with features that differ in important ways from existing tests will ultimately be required. For example, the biofilm test apparatus may include a pump and a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. This report provides an overview of biofilm testing and suggests a strategy for creating standard test methods.

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Copper-catalyzed Convenient Synthesis and SAR Studies of Substituted-1,2,3-triazole as Antimicrobial Agents

Letters in Drug Design & Discovery ◽

10.2174/1570180815666180326153322 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 3-10

Author(s):

Aniket P. Sarkate ◽

Kshipra S. Karnik ◽

Pravin S. Wakte ◽

Ajinkya P. Sarkate ◽

Ashwini V. Izankar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Cycloaddition Reaction ◽

Dipolar Cycloaddition ◽

One Pot ◽

Triazole Derivatives ◽

Sar Studies ◽

Convenient Synthesis ◽

Antibacterial And Antifungal

Background:A novel copper-catalyzed synthesis of substituted-1,2,3-triazole derivatives has been developed and performed by Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azides with alkynes. The reaction is one-pot multicomponent.Objective:We state the advancement and execution of a methodology allowing for the synthesis of some new substituted 1,2,3-triazole analogues with antimicrobial activity.Methods:A series of triazole derivatives was synthesized by Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of azides with alkynes. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated and confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against a series of strains of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for antibacterial activity and against the strains of Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus nigar for antifungal activity, respectively.Results and Conclusion:From the antimicrobial data, it was observed that all the newly synthesized compounds showed good to moderate level of antibacterial and antifungal activity.

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Evaluation of Antifungal Activity by Mixed Oxide Metallic Nanocomposite against Candida spp.

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9050773 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

pp. 773

Author(s):

Ayodeji Precious Ayanwale ◽

Brenda Lizbeth Estrada-Capetillo ◽

Simón Yobanny Reyes-López

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Promising Result ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Group Analysis ◽

Candida Spp ◽

Human Mononuclear Cells ◽

Viability Study ◽

High Doses

High doses of antimicrobial agents are a huge threat due to the increasing number of pathogenic organisms that are becoming resistant to antimicrobial agents. This resistance has led to a search for alternatives. Therefore, this study presents the synthesis and characterization of ZrO2-Ag2O nanoparticles (NPs) by sol-gel. The NPs were analyzed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-visible (UV-vis), Raman and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The NPs were later evaluated for their antifungal effects against Candidaalbicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis, using disc diffusion and microdilution methods, followed by the viability study. The DLS showed sizes for ZrO2 76 nm, Ag2O 50 nm, and ZrO2-Ag2O samples between 14 and 42 nm. UV-vis shows an absorption peak at 300 nm for ZrO2 and a broadband for Ag2O NPs. Raman spectra were consistent with factor group analysis predictions. SEM showed spherically shaped NPs. The antifungal activity result suggested that ZrO2-Ag2O NPs were effective against Candida spp. From the viability study, there was no significance difference in viability as a function of time and concentration on human mononuclear cells. This promising result can contribute toward the development of alternative therapies to treat fungal diseases in humans.

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Comparison of Two Intergranular Corrosion Tests on EN AW-6016 Sheet Material

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11115294 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 5294

Author(s):

Peer Decker ◽

Ines Zerbin ◽

Luisa Marzoli ◽

Marcel Rosefort

Keyword(s):

Optical Microscopy ◽

Intergranular Corrosion ◽

Sheet Material ◽

Test Methods ◽

Standard Test ◽

Corrosion Depth ◽

Corrosion Tests ◽

Automotive Company ◽

Test Parameters

Two different intergranular corrosion tests were performed on EN AW-6016 sheet material, an ISO 11846:1995-based test with varying solution amounts and acid concentrations, and a standard test of an automotive company (PV1113, VW-Audi). The average intergranular corrosion depth was determined via optical microscopy. The differences in the intergranular corrosion depths were then discussed with regard to the applicability and quality of the two different test methods. The influence of varying test parameters for ISO 11846:1995 was discussed as well. The determined IGC depths were found to be strongly dependent on the testing parameters, which will therefore have a pronounced influence on the determined IGC susceptibility of a material. In general, ISO 11846:1995 tests resulted in a significantly lower corrosion speed, and the corrosive attack was found to be primarily along grain boundaries.

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An In Vitro Study on the Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oil Modified Resin Composite against Oral Pathogens

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13194383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (19) ◽

pp. 4383

Author(s):

Barbara Lapinska ◽

Aleksandra Szram ◽

Beata Zarzycka ◽

Janina Grzegorczyk ◽

Louis Hardan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Resin Composite ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Oral Pathogens

Modifying the composition of dental restorative materials with antimicrobial agents might induce their antibacterial potential against cariogenic bacteria, e.g., S.mutans and L.acidophilus, as well as antifungal effect on C.albicans that are major oral pathogens. Essential oils (EOs) are widely known for antimicrobial activity and are successfully used in dental industry. The study aimed at evaluating antibacterial and antifungal activity of EOs and composite resin material (CR) modified with EO against oral pathogens. Ten EOs (i.e., anise, cinnamon, citronella, clove, geranium, lavender, limette, mint, rosemary thyme) were tested using agar diffusion method. Cinnamon and thyme EOs showed significantly highest antibacterial activity against S.mutans and L.acidophilus among all tested EOs. Anise and limette EOs showed no antibacterial activity against S.mutans. All tested EOs exhibited antifungal activity against C.albicans, whereas cinnamon EO showed significantly highest and limette EO significantly lowest activity. Next, 1, 2 or 5 µL of cinnamon EO was introduced into 2 g of CR and microbiologically tested. The modified CR showed higher antimicrobial activity in comparison to unmodified one. CR containing 2 µL of EO showed the best antimicrobial properties against S.mutans and C.albicans, while CR modified with 1 µL of EO showed the best antimicrobial properties against L.acidophilus.

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Serviceability Assessment of a Printed Finish on T-Shirts

AATCC Journal of Research ◽

10.14504/ajr.8.2.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 48-53

Author(s):

Reannan Riedy ◽

Meredith McQuerry

Keyword(s):

Abrasion Resistance ◽

Dimensional Change ◽

Test Methods ◽

Standard Test ◽

Performance Expectations ◽

Agricultural Worker ◽

Soil Release ◽

And Performance ◽

Typical Consumer ◽

Change Material

To improve the comfort of agricultural workers, a T-shirt with a printed active cooling finish was evaluated to determine if it would meet the wash life durability and performance expectations of such an arduous application. Six shirts with a printed phase change material (PCM) finish and six shirts without (control) were washed 50 times to replicate a typical consumer wash life. Shirts were evaluated for absorbency, dimensional change, colorfastness, crocking, abrasion resistance, soil release, and smoothness retention according to AATCC and ASTM standard test methods. Testing was conducted before laundering and after 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 consumer laundry (CL) cycles. Absorbency and dimensional change were significantly influenced by the PCM finish. Results demonstrate the appropriateness of adopting such a finish technology for agricultural worker clothing applications.

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