Test Method for Determining the Flow Rate of Water and Suspended Solids from a Geotextile Bag

Ultrafiltration of untreated and pretreated aqueous radioactive wastes was conducted using a spiral-wound polysulphonamide membrane. The influence of process factors on its performances was experimental studied and predicted. Permeate volumetric flux and permeate total suspended solids (TSS) were measured at different values of feed flow rate (7 and 10 m3/h), operating pressure (0.1-0.4 MPa), and feed TSS (15 and 60 mg/L). Permeate flux (42-200 L/(m2�h)) increased with feed flow rate and operating pressure as well as it decreased with an increase in feed TSS, whereas permeate TSS (0.1-33.2 mg/L) exhibited an opposite trend. A 23 factorial plan was used to establish correlations between dependent and independent variables of ultrafiltration process.

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A new method for calculating the sonic conductance of airflow through a short-tube orifice

Advances in Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.1177/1687814016687264 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 168781401668726 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fan Yang ◽

Gangyan Li ◽

Dawei Hu ◽

Toshiharu Kagawa

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Critical Pressure ◽

Pressure Ratio ◽

Momentum Equation ◽

Diameter Ratio ◽

Test Method ◽

Theoretical Formula ◽

Engineering Applications ◽

Short Tube ◽

Length To Diameter Ratio

In this study, we proposed a method for calculating the sonic conductance of a short-tube orifice. First, we derived a formula for calculating the sonic conductance based on a continuity equation, a momentum equation and the definition of flow-rate characteristics. The flow-rate characteristics of different orifices were then measured using the upstream constant-pressure test method in ISO 6358. Based on these test data, the theoretical formula was simplified using the least squares fitting method, the accuracy of which was verified experimentally. Finally, the effects of the diameter ratio, the length-to-diameter ratio and the critical pressure ratio were analysed with reference to engineering applications, and a simplified formula was derived. We conclude that the influence of the diameter ratio is greater than that of the length-to-diameter ratio. When the length-to-diameter ratio is <5, its effect can be neglected. The critical pressure ratio has little effect on the sonic conductance of a short-tube orifice, and it can be set to 0.5 when calculating the sonic conductance in engineering applications. The formula proposed in this study is highly accurate with a mean error of <3%.

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Development of a Method to Evaluate CNG-Injection Valves

ASME/BATH 2015 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control ◽

10.1115/fpmc2015-9512 ◽

2015 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christian von Grabe ◽

David van Bebber ◽

Hubertus Murrenhoff

Keyword(s):

Mass Flow Rate ◽

Mass Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Test Chamber ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Test Method ◽

Injection System ◽

Time Behavior ◽

Gaseous Fuels ◽

Injection Process

The development of combustion engines with direct injection requires a comprehensive knowledge of the in cylinder combustion process as well as the used high pressure injection system. One main characteristic of injection systems is their mass flow over time behavior. For prevalent diesel and gasoline injection valves (injectors) fully developed simulation models as well as test benches are available to analyze the injection process. Besides the established engines a trend towards compressed natural gas (CNG) engines in passenger cars is recognized. Due to the small injection duration of a few milliseconds, the flow rate measurement is particularly challenging and requires highly dynamic measuring. The existing test benches are designed and optimized for liquid fuels and are only partly suitable for the evaluation of gaseous fuels such as CNG. A typical test method is to inject fuel into a long tube in which a pressure wave propagates. Based on the pressure signal the mass flow of the injected fuel is approximated. For gaseous fuels the correlation of mass flow and pressure propagation is only known for specific test cases and therefore the method is not directly applicable to gaseous fuels. This paper presents a newly designed measurement device to evaluate the mass flow rate as well as the injector needle displacement during an injection process of gaseous fuels. The test bench is designed to operate in a fully equipped injection system including gas lines, common rail and injection valves, to also investigate the interaction of the individual system components. The design is based on a closed test chamber in which the pressure rises during the injection. To overcome the influence of propagating pressure waves inside the chamber on the measurement, different chamber designs are evaluated. An optimized design, separating the chamber into two volumes which are connected by a damping sleeve, is presented. The injection itself is carried out in a first volume and the measurement is conducted in a second damped volume. Based on the measured pressure the mass flow rate through the injection valve is approximated, utilizing the equations of thermodynamics.

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