Specification for Vitrified Clay Pipe, Extra Strength, Standard Strength, and Perforated

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Clay Pipe

Economic decline and the urban elite in eighteenth-century Dutch towns: a review essay

Urban History ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 78-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herman Diederiks
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Urban Hierarchy ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Urban Elite ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Clay Pipe ◽  
Dramatic Fall

Dutch urban history has finally accorded the eighteenth century the attention it deserves in a number of recent publications. That century was characterized by the economic and political decline of the Dutch Republic generally, and certain towns in particular. The ‘Zuiderzee’ towns witnessed a dramatic fall in population, reflecting their economic decline, and in the southern part of the province of Holland urban life also stagnated. In contrast to the ports, inland towns derived status in the urban hierarchy from their industrial interests, but due to foreign competition in the eighteenth century, they too declined; most notably, the cloth industry of Leiden, the clay pipe industry of Gouda, and the breweries and potteries of Delft each lost the leading position established in the seventeenth century. Leiden was the largest of the towns with more than 70,000 inhabitants in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, and after Amsterdam, was the most populous town of the Republic. Leiden however could not maintain that position, and lost almost 50 per cent of its inhabitants during the first half of the eighteenth century, declining further to under 30,000 residents by 1800. Gouda numbered about 20,000 in 1732, but declined to 12,000 in 1795; Hoorn with 12,000 inhabitants diminished to only 9,500 in 1795 and the population of Delft, too, fell from around 24,000 in 1680 to 14,000 in 1795.

Potential of Clay Deposits in Kelantan for Ceramic Production: A Literature Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 980 ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Olalere Folasayo Enoch ◽  
Ab. Aziz Shuaib ◽  
Khairul Azhar bin Mat Daud
Keyword(s):  
International Market ◽  
Shrinkage Porosity ◽  
Ceramic Production ◽  
Literature Analysis ◽  
Tile Production ◽  
Green Strength ◽  
Clay Deposits ◽  
Ball Clay ◽  
Clay Pipe ◽  
Potential Use

Kelantan state, regarded as the cradle of Malay culture is not only known for her unique cultural heritage, but also a land blessed with both metallic and non-metallic minerals. These include enormous clay deposits discovered in six (6) districts with estimated total reserve of 29.4 million tonnes of ball clay and 51.5 million tonnes of mottled clay. Hence, this paper investigates the physiochemical and mineralogical properties of the clay deposits. This was achieved by reviewing existing literatures and reports at the Mineral and Geoscience Department, Malaysia. The properties investigated were green and fired clay colour, plasticity, green strength, dry and fired shrinkage, porosity, chemical and mineral composition. The properties of the clay revealed that they have geographical IP potential; particularly, the predominantly off-white fired colour of the ball clay at temperature range of 900-11000C can secure an identity for Kelantan ceramics in the local, national or international market. Based on these properties, the ball clay is applicable for table ware, earthenware and local tile production while the mottled clay has a potential use for vitrified clay pipe, local tile and brick production.

A procedure to estimate the lateral force in clay-pipe interaction after breakout

2021 ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Pablo Cesar Trejo ◽  
Jose Renato M.S. Oliveira ◽  
Márcio S.S. Almeida ◽  
Maria C.F. Almeida ◽  
Mario A. Vignoles
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Centrifuge Tests ◽  
Clay Pipe

The development of new offshore oil and gas fields is continuously expanding to ultra-deep waters. This tendency and the necessity of reducing project costs have been stimulating the development of new technologies as well as the enhancement of floating production systems. In this regard, pipelines and flexible riser systems have been getting more attention due to its low cost of installation and operation. In order to project a pipeline system, it is important to understand the pipe-soil interaction mechanisms and quantify the influence of soil behaviour on pipe response caused by lateral movement such as thermal buckling. The loads that a pipeline is subjected have been a topic of many experimental studies that aim to reproduce those loads in a realistic manner. This present study concerns the analysis of lateral clay-pipe interaction associated with large deformations and berm formation process at the leading edge of the pipe during movement at given burial depths. A series of centrifuge tests was conducted to assess the relationship between horizontal force and lateral pipe displacement. The breakout force experimental results were compared with different literature proposals, showing a good agreement. A procedure was also proposed to evaluate the normalized lateral force through the combination of two different approaches. The results showed a good comparison with the centrifuge experimental data.

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