Leapfrogging the Melting Pot? European Immigrants' Intergenerational Mobility across the Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 480-512
Author(s):  
Kendal Lowrey ◽  
Jennifer Van Hook ◽  
James Bachmeier ◽  
Thomas Foster
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
European Immigrants

scholarly journals A IMIGRAÇÃO COMO UMA POLÍTICA DE DEFESA NACIONAL: É POSSÍVEL? O CASO DA IMIGRAÇÃO ESPANHOLA PARA A OCUPAÇÃO DA FRONTEIRA SUL DO BRASIL / Immigration as a National Defence Policy: is it Possible? The Case of the Spanish Immigration to the Occupation of Brazilian Southern Borderland

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Roberto Rodolfo Georg Uebel ◽  
Rita Inês Paetzhold Pauli
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
The Political ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Defence Policy ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
Colonization Process ◽  
Southern Border ◽  
National Defence

O processo colonial do Brasil trouxe muitas questões sobre a ocupação do seu espaço territorial por colonos e imigrantes como uma forma de apropriação das territorialidades fronteiriças do país visando à conservação e defesa do jovem Estado. Todavia, o povoamento específico do estado do Rio Grande do Sul por imigrantes europeus observou um caráter não só econômico, mas também estratégico, de defesa das fronteiras. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho aborda o caso da imigração espanhola para a fronteira sul do Brasil com o Uruguai e Argentina e também, por meio do Acordo de Migração entre Brasil e Espanha, as especificidades e pontualidades que essa distinta imigração trouxe à luz de uma possível e subjetiva política de defesa nacional, em prol do estabelecimento e consolidação das fronteiras brasileiras no território do Rio Grande do Sul. Este estudo é resultado de pesquisas documentais e in loco acerca da imigração espanhola e seus aportes econômicos, sociolaborais e territoriais no Rio Grande do Sul durante o século XX, que dentre suas potencialidades verificou a possibilidade político-militar de defesa nacional por meio de um acordo de migração, fato inédito até então na historiografia do país.ABSTRACTThe colonization process of Brazil brought many questions about the occupation of its territorial space by settlers and immigrants as a way of appropriation of the border territorialities of the country aiming at the conservation and protection of the young State. However, the specific settlement of the state of Rio Grande do Sul by European immigrants noticed not only an economic, but also a strategic, of borderlands defence features. In this sense, the present work deals with the case of Spanish immigration to the southern border of Brazil with Uruguay and Argentina and also, through the Migration Agreement between Brazil and Spain, the specificities of this distinct immigration that brought to light a possible and subjective policy of national defence, towards the establishment and consolidation of Brazilian borders on the territory of Rio Grande do Sul. This study is result of documentary and literature review researches about the Spanish immigration and its economic, socio-occupational and territorial contributions in Rio Grande do Sul during the twentieth century, which, among its potentialities verified the political and military possibility of national defence through an immigration agreement, an unprecedented fact until then in the country's historiography.Keywords: Immigration, Spaniards, Brazil, Border, Defence.

Fictions of Irregular Post-Soviet Migration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Sadowski-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Short Story ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Abraham Cahan ◽  
Short Story Collection ◽  
Mary Antin ◽  
Cultural Productions ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
Eastern European Immigrants

This chapter explores Sana Krasikov’s short story collection One More Year (2008) and Anya Ulinich’s novel Petropolis (2007) in order to develop a comparative approach to representations of irregular and unauthorized migration, a form of movement that has been largely identified with migrants from Mexico and Central America. The fiction by Krasikov and Ulinich represents ethnically and racially diverse protagonists from Russia, Georgia, and Uzbekistan, who arrive in the United States on nonimmigrant visas and become irregular or undocumented. These two works move beyond the themes of assimilation and family migration that dominated twentieth-century cultural productions by eastern European immigrants of Jewish descent, such as Mary Antin, Abraham Cahan, and Anzia Yezierska. Their work laid the foundation for a literature of assimilation to a middle-class white US racial identity that became fully available to European immigrants by the mid-twentieth century. The fiction by Krasikov and Ulinich emphasizes post-Soviet characters’ experiences of diminished access to the US labor market, residency, and citizenship rights, and thus positions itself in the larger context of contemporary US immigrant writing.

Race, Immigration, and the American Welfare State

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cybelle Fox
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Political System ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
State Development ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
Welfare State Development ◽  
Market Relations

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the three worlds of relief created by the intersection of labor, race, and politics in welfare state development. Blacks, Mexicans, and European immigrants inhabited three separate worlds in the first third of the twentieth century, each characterized by its own system of race and labor market relations and its own distinct political system. From these worlds—and each group's place within them—three separate perspectives emerged about each group's propensity to become dependent on relief. The distinct political systems, race and labor market relations, and ideologies about each group's proclivity to use relief, in turn, influenced the scope, reach, and character of the relief systems that emerged across American communities.

Boom, Echo, and Splinter

2019 ◽  
pp. 146-168
Author(s):  
Mark Healey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World War I ◽  
New World ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Active Citizenship ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Dictatorship ◽  
Labor Politics ◽  
European Immigrants

Buenos Aires began the twentieth century as a prosperous port drawing European immigrants to serve a booming export economy. It expanded outward from its core of urban power and prosperity through suburbanization, early on segregating slaughterhouse zones from sites of recreation for the comfortable. Mid-century industrialization drew workers to the peripheries—which became zones of labor politics and bases for active citizenship and Peronist power. Peronist economic and political power sustained an unequally shared prosperity past World War I. Then de-industrialization in times of population expansion accompanied by military dictatorship (1976-1983) and a new suburbanization to protect the wealthy brought the polarizing mix wealth and marginality, formality and informality faced earlier in other New World cities. Re-democratization failed to bring more shared prosperity—or an escape from repeated cycles of promise and crisis.

Di Yunge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Noam Zaritt
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
Yiddish Literature ◽  
Political Purpose ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
Artistic Achievement ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Eastern European Immigrants

Di yunge is a group of American Symbolist Yiddish writers and critics that achieved prominence during the first two decades of the twentieth century and remained active through the mid-century. The name of the group is Yiddish for ‘the young ones’, referencing not only the youth of its founding members but also the sense of newness and dramatic change that they intended to bring to Yiddish literature of the period. The group was made up largely of Eastern European immigrants to the United States who had experienced the failed Russian Revolution of 1905 and the pogroms that followed in its wake. These young writers arrived in America disillusioned with socialist and nationalist politics and instead sought out new forms of cultural expression that focused on artistic achievement in Yiddish rather than any political purpose. Taking European and Russian forms of Symbolism as models, Di yunge is the first movement in Yiddish literature to emphasize the importance of the aesthetic, focusing on the poetic potential of the everyday and on the inner life of the individual writer. Di yunge was comprised of several of the most important Yiddish writers of the twentieth century, including the poets Mani Leib, H. Leivick, Zishe Landau, I.J. Schwartz, Yoysef Rolnik, and Moyshe-Leyb Halpern and the prose writers David Ignatoff, Joseph Opatoshu, Isaac Raboy, and Lamed Shapiro. Members of Di yunge were among the first to infuse Yiddish literature with the forms and themes of international modernism.

Normalization and Its Discontents

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-263
Author(s):  
Adam Sutcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Israel Zangwill ◽  
American Society ◽  
Horace Kallen

This chapter concentrates on the question of normalcy and its relationship to twentieth-century notions of Jewish distinctiveness and purpose. It describes how the idea of a special Jewish mission that initially thrived within the American Reform movement disintegrated as the urge to integrate within American society to gather strength among Jews prominently waned. It talks about Jewish exemplarity that was influentially presented in relation to specifics of the American context through the competing “melting pot” and “orchestra” metaphors of Israel Zangwill and Horace Kallen. The chapter illustrates the hope of Jewish normalization that was perceived by sharp observers, such as Karl Kraus, Theodor Lessing and Sigmund Freud in the first half of the twentieth century. It also mentions the horror of the Holocaust that cast a profound chill over the idea of Jewish instrumental purpose, but at the same time brought about a renewal of the idea on the ethical and historical lessons imparted by the Nazi genocide.

New Asian Races, New Mixtures, and the “Mexican” Race

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Schor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Racial Classification ◽  
Racial Categorization ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The Us ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
The One ◽  
Us Census

This chapter discusses changes in racial categorization in the early twentieth century with respect to the US census. Whenever there was a question of the racial classification of new populations, whether in the continental United States or in the territories acquired since 1867, the census always relied on the principles and techniques developed since 1850 to distinguish blacks from whites. Chief among these was the principle of hypodescent, in more or less rigid forms. However, the early twentieth century saw change occurring in two directions: on the one hand, the racialization of a growing number of non-European immigrants and their descendants; on the other, the weakening of the distinctions between the descendants of European immigrants. The remainder of the chapter details the disappearance of the “mulatto” category and the introduction and forcible elimination of the “Mexican” category.

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