scholarly journals Which Mothers Pay a Higher Price? Education Differences in Motherhood Wage Penalties by Parity and Fertility Timing

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 684-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Doren
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Timing ◽  
Wage Penalties

scholarly journals “Family-Friendly” Jobs and Motherhood Pay Penalties: The Impact of Flexible Work Arrangements Across the Educational Spectrum

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Fuller ◽  
C. Elizabeth Hirsh
Keyword(s):  
Work Life ◽  
Flexible Work Arrangements ◽  
Flexible Work ◽  
Wage Gaps ◽  
Work Arrangements ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Wage Penalties ◽  
Face Time ◽  
The Impact

This article focuses on how flexible work arrangements affect motherhood wage penalties for differently situated women. While theories of work–life facilitation suggest that flexible work should ease motherhood penalties, the use of flexibility policies may also invite stigma and bias against mothers. Analyses using Canadian linked workplace–employee data test these competing perspectives by examining how temporal and spatial flexibility moderate motherhood wage penalties and how this varies by women’s education. Results show that flexible work hours typically reduce mothers’ disadvantage, especially for the university educated, and that working from home also reduces wage gaps for most educational groups. The positive effect of flexibility operates chiefly by reducing barriers to mothers’ employment in higher waged establishments, although wage gaps within establishments are also diminished in some cases. While there is relatively little evidence of a flexibility stigma, the most educated do face stronger wage penalties within establishments when they substitute paid work from home for face time at the workplace as do the least educated when they bring additional unpaid work home. Overall, results are most consistent with the work–life facilitation model. However, variability in the pattern of effects underscores the importance of looking at the intersection of mothers’ education and workplace arrangements.

scholarly journals Fertility Timing, Wages, and Human Capital

10.3386/w3422 ◽  
1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
McKinley Blackburn ◽  
David Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Fertility Timing

Fertility, Timing of Births and Socio-economic Status in France and Britain

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Ekert-Jaffé ◽  
Heather Joshi ◽  
Kevin Lynch ◽  
Rémi Mougin ◽  
Michael Rendall
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Fertility Timing ◽  
Timing Of Births

Part-time work in Danish private services: a (mis)match between wage flexibility and living hours

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-158
Author(s):  
Trine P. Larsen ◽  
Anna Ilsøe ◽  
Jonas Felbo-Kolding
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Working Time ◽  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Wage Regulation ◽  
Wage Penalties ◽  
Industrial Cleaning ◽  
Workforce Composition ◽  
Working Time Regulation

This chapter explores how the institutional framework for working time and wage regulation affects the prevalence of marginal part-time employment (less than 15 working hours per week) and its implications for men and women's hourly earnings within retail, industrial cleaning, hotels and restaurants. Analytically, we draw on the concept of living hours and find that the combined effects of wage and working time regulation influence the take-up of contracts of few hours and the workforce composition. We argue that the institutional framework of collective agreements, in some instances, facilitates a win-win situation for employers and employees alike and narrows the gender pay gap. In other instances, the very same agreements seemingly promote dualisation, especially for young people and migrants in terms of wage penalties and contracts of few hours, indicating the dual nature of the institutional framework.

Working for less? Women's part-time wage penalties across countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bardasi ◽  
Janet C. Gornick
Keyword(s):  
Part Time ◽  
Wage Penalties

Fertility, Timing of Births and Socio-economic Status in France and Britain: Social Policies and Occupational Polarization

2002 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Ekert-Jaffe ◽  
Heather Joshi ◽  
Kevin Lynch ◽  
Remi Mougin ◽  
Michael Rendall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Fertility Timing ◽  
Timing Of Births
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