scholarly journals Estimating greenhouse gas emissions using emission factors from the Sugarcane Development Company, Ahvaz, Iran

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Zahedi ◽  
Sorour Ghodrati ◽  
Mehdi Ahmadimoghaddam ◽  
Nematollah Jaafarzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Gas Emissions

Greenhouse-gas emissions from stockpiled and composted dairy-manure residues and consideration of associated emission factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Biala ◽  
N. Lovrick ◽  
D. Rowlings ◽  
P. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Manure Management ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Chicken Litter

Emissions from stockpiled pond sludge and yard scrapings were compared with composted dairy-manure residues blended with shredded vegetation residues and chicken litter over a 5-month period at a farm in Victoria (Australia). Results showed that methane emissions occurred primarily during the first 30–60 days of stockpiling and composting, with daily emission rates being highest for stockpiled pond sludge. Cumulated methane (CH4) emissions per tonne wet feedstock were highest for stockpiling of pond sludge (969 g CH4/t), followed by composting (682 g CH4/t) and stockpiling of yard scrapings (120 g CH4/t). Sizeable nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were observed only when temperatures inside the compost windrow fell below ~45−50°C. Cumulated N2O emissions were highest for composting (159 g N2O/t), followed by stockpiling of pond sludge (103 g N2O/t) and yard scrapings (45 g N2O/t). Adding chicken litter and lime to dairy-manure residues resulted in a very low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (13 : 1) of the composting mix, and would have brought about significant N2O losses during composting. These field observations suggested that decisions at composting operations, as in many other businesses, are driven more by practical and economic considerations rather than efforts to minimise greenhouse-gas emissions. Total greenhouse-gas emissions (CH4 + N2O), expressed as CO2-e per tonne wet feedstock, were highest for composting (64.4 kg), followed by those for stockpiling of pond sludge (54.5 kg) and yard scraping (16.3 kg). This meant that emissions for composting and stockpiling of pond sludge exceeded the new Australian default emission factors for ‘waste composting’ (49 kg). This paper proposes to express greenhouse-gas emissions from secondary manure-management systems (e.g. composting) also as emissions per tonne wet feedstock, so as to align them with the approach taken for ‘waste composting’ and to facilitate the development of emission-reduction methodologies for improved manure management at the farm level.

Climate Change and Infant Nutrition: Estimates of Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Milk Formula Sold in Selected Asia Pacific Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442199476
Author(s):  
JP Dadhich ◽  
Julie P. Smith ◽  
Alessandro Iellamo ◽  
Adlina Suleiman
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Infant And Young Child

Background There is growing recognition that current food systems and policies are environmentally unsustainable. There is an identified need to integrate sustainability objectives into national food policy and dietary recommendations. Research Aims To (1) describe exploratory estimates of greenhouse gas emission factors for all infant and young child milk formula products and (2) estimate national greenhouse gas emission association with commercial milk formulas sold in selected countries in the Asia Pacific region. Method We used a secondary data analysis descriptive design incorporating a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) concepts and methodology to estimate kg CO2 eq. emissions per kg of milk formula, using greenhouse gas emission factors for milk powder, vegetable oils, and sugars identified from a literature review. Proportions of ingredients were calculated using FAO Codex Alimentarius guidance on milk formula products. Estimates were calculated for production and processing of individual ingredients from cradle to factory gate. Annual retail sales data for 2012–2017 was sourced from Euromonitor International for six purposively selected countries; Australia, South Korea, China, Malaysia, India, Philippines. Results Annual emissions for milk formula products ranged from 3.95–4.04 kg CO2 eq. Milk formula sold in the six countries in 2012 contributed 2,893,030 tons CO2 eq. to global greenhouse gas emissions. Aggregate emissions were highest for products (e.g., toddler formula), which dominated sales growth. Projected 2017 emissions for milk formula retailed in China alone were 4,219,052 tons CO2 eq. Conclusions Policies, programs and investments to shift infant and young child diets towards less manufactured milk formula and more breastfeeding are “Triple Duty Actions” that help improve dietary quality and population health and improve the sustainability of the global food system.

Greenhouse gas emissions from dung, urine and dairy pond sludge applied to pasture. 1. Nitrous oxide emissions

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. N. Ward ◽  
K. B. Kelly ◽  
J. W. Hollier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Cow Dung ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Gas Emissions

Nitrous oxide (N2O) from excreta deposited by grazing ruminants is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. Experiments to measure N2O emissions from dairy cow dung, urine and pond sludge applied to pasture, and the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin in reducing these emissions, were conducted in south-western Victoria, Australia. In Experiment 1, emissions from urine, with and without nitrapyrin, and from dung were measured. Treatments applied in September 2013 resulted in cumulative emissions (245 days) of 0.60, 5.35, 4.15 and 1.02 kg N2O-nitrogen (N)/ha for the nil, urine (1000 kg N/ha), urine (1000 kg N/ha) + nitrapyrin (1 kg active ingredients/ha), and dung (448 kg N/ha) treatments, respectively, giving emission factors of 0.47% and 0.09% for urine and dung respectively. Nitrapyrin reduced N2O emissions from urine for 35 days, with an overall reduction in emissions of 25%. In Experiment 2, sludge, with and without nitrapyrin, was applied in May 2014, and dung was applied in May, August, November 2014 and January 2015. Cumulative emissions (350 days) were 0.19, 0.49, 0.31 and 0.39 kg N2O-N/ha for the nil, sludge (308 kg N/ha), sludge (308 kg N/ha) + nitrapyrin (1 kg active ingredients/ha), and dung (total 604 kg N/ha) treatments, respectively, giving emission factors of 0.10% and 0.03% for sludge and dung. Nitrapyrin reduced N2O emissions from sludge for 60 days, with an overall reduction in emissions of 59%. A third experiment on two soil types compared emissions from urine and dung, with and without nitrapyrin, applied in different seasons of the year. Emissions were highly seasonal and strongly related to soil water status. Emission factors (90 days) ranged from 0.02% to 0.19% for urine and 0.01% to 0.12% for dung. Nitrapyrin reduced emissions from urine by 0–35% and had little effect on emissions from dung. Overall, the experiments found that nitrapyrin was an effective tool in reducing emissions from urine, dung and sludge applied to pasture, but the magnitude varied across the year, with nitrapyrin being most effective when soils had >70% water-filled pore space when major emissions occurred.

scholarly journals Influence of spatially dependent, modeled soil carbon emission factors on life‐cycle greenhouse gas emissions of corn and cellulosic ethanol

GCB Bioenergy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1136-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhangcai Qin ◽  
Jennifer B. Dunn ◽  
Hoyoung Kwon ◽  
Steffen Mueller ◽  
Michelle M. Wander
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Cellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Gas Emissions

Field measurement of greenhouse gas emissions from biological treatment facilities of food waste in Republic of Korea

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangjae Jeong ◽  
Seheum Moon ◽  
Jeryang Park ◽  
Jae Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Composting Facilities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Country Specific

The Republic of Korea is trying to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 37% from business-as-usual levels by 2030. Reliable greenhouse gas inventory is prerequisite to making effective greenhouse gas reduction plans. Currently, Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change default emission factors were used in biological treatment of the solid waste sector without any consideration of the biological treatment process in the Republic of Korea. In this study, greenhouse gas emissions from biological treatment facilities of food waste have been monitored in order to develop country-specific emission factors in the Republic of Korea. Greenhouse gas emissions were monitored in two composting facilities and one anaerobic digestion facility. All study sites possess a local exhaust ventilation system and odour treatment system. Continuous greenhouse gas monitoring has been conducted on gathered gases using a non-dispersive infrared detector before entering odour treatment systems. At composting facilities, the emission factors of CH4 and N2O were 0.17–0.19 g-CH4 kg-waste−1 and 0.10–0.13 g-N2O kg-waste−1, respectively. Especially, the emission factors of CH4 in composting facilities showed significantly low values compared with other countries owing to the air blowing by a pump at the studied sites. At anaerobic digestion facilities, the emission factors of CH4 and N2O were 1.03 g-CH4 kg-waste−1 and 0.53 g-N2O kg-waste−1. The emission factors estimated in this study showed a significant difference from the Intergovernmental Panels on Climate Change default value. Therefore, it is recommended to develop a country-specific emission factor in order to reflect the different processes of biological treatment of solid waste.

scholarly journals Calculation of new enteric methane emission factors for small ruminants in western Kenya highlights the heterogeneity of smallholder production systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 602
Author(s):  
J. P. Goopy ◽  
P. W. Ndung'u ◽  
A. Onyango ◽  
P. Kirui ◽  
K. Butterbach-Bahl
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Ch4 Emissions ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Tier I

Context African livestock play a critical role in food security and the wider economy, while accounting for >70% of African agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Accurate estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock are required for inventory purposes and to assess the efficacy of mitigation measures. While there is an increasing number of studies assessing methane (CH4) emissions of cattle, little attention has been paid to small ruminants (SR). Aims Enteric CH4 emissions were assessed from 1345 SR in three counties of western Kenya to develop more accurate emission factors (EF) for enteric CH4 from sheep and goats. Methods Using on-farm animal activity data, feed samples were also analysed to produce estimates of feed digestibility by season and region. The combined data were also used to estimate daily CH4 production by season, location and class of animal to produce new EF for annual enteric CH4 production of SR. Key results Mean dry-matter digestibility of the feed basket was in the range of 58–64%, depending on region and season (~10% greater than Tier I estimates). EF were similar for sheep (4.4 vs 5 kg CH4/year), but lower for goats (3.7 vs 5 kg CH4/year) than those given for SR in developing countries in Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Tier I) estimates. Conclusions Published estimates of EF for SR range widely across Africa. In smallholder systems in western Kenya, SR appear to be managed differently from cattle, and EF appear to be driven by different management considerations. Implications The findings highlighted the heterogenous nature of SR enteric emissions in East Africa, but also suggested that emissions from SR are quantitatively less important than other estimates suggest compared with cattle.

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