scholarly journals Assessment of Fractional Factorial Design for the Selection andScreening of Appropriate Components of a Self-nanoemulsifyingDrug Delivery System Formulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilham Kuncahyo ◽  
Syaiful Choiri ◽  
Achmad Fudholi ◽  
Ronny Martien ◽  
Abdul Rohman
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
Adequate Design ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose: Recently, a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) has showngreat improvement in the enhancement of drug bioavailability. The selection of appropriatecompositions in the SNEDDS formulation is the fundamental step towards developing asuccessful formulation. This study sought to evaluate the effectiveness of fractional factorialdesign (FFD) in the selection and screening of a SNEDDS composition. Furthermore, the mostefficient FFD approach would be applied to the selection of SNEDDS components.Methods: The types of oil, surfactant, co-surfactant, and their concentrations were selected asfactors. 26 full factorial design (FD) (64 runs), 26-1 FFD (32 runs), 26-2 FFD (16 runs), and 26-3 FFD(8 runs) were compared to the main effect contributions of each design. Ca-pitavastatin (Ca-PVT)was used as a drug model. Screening parameters, such as transmittance, emulsification time,and drug load, were selected as responses followed by particle size along with zeta potentialfor optimized formulation.Results: The results indicated that the patterns of 26 full FD and 26-1 for both main effects andinteractions were similar. 26-3 FFD lacked adequate precision when used for screening owing tothe limitation of design points. In addition, capryol, Tween 80, and transcutol P were selected tobe developed in a SNEDDS formulation with a particle size of 69.7 ± 5.3 nm along with a zetapotential of 33.4 ± 2.1 mV.Conclusion: Herein, 26-2 FFD was chosen as the most efficient and adequate design for theselection and screening of SNEDDS composition. The optimized formulation fulfilled therequirement of a quality target profile of a nanoemulsion.<br />

Exploring the Role of Interaction Effects in Visual Conjoint Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Sylcott ◽  
Jeremy J. Michalek ◽  
Jonathan Cagan
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
Biased Estimates ◽  
Data Requirements

In conjoint analysis, interaction effects characterize how preference for the level of one product attribute is dependent on the level of another attribute. When interaction effects are negligible, a main effects fractional factorial experimental design can be used to reduce data requirements and survey cost. This is particularly important when the presence of many parameters or levels makes full factorial designs intractable. However, if interaction effects are relevant, main effects design can create biased estimates and lead to erroneous conclusions. This work investigates consumer preference interactions in the nontraditional context of visual choice-based conjoint analysis, where the conjoint attributes are parameters that define a product's shape. Although many conjoint studies assume interaction effects to be negligible, they may play a larger role for shape parameters. The role of interaction effects is explored in two visual conjoint case studies. The results suggest that interactions can be either negligible or dominant in visual conjoint, depending on consumer preferences. Generally, we suggest using randomized designs to avoid any bias resulting from the presence of interaction effects.

Effect of The Surfactant and Liquid Lipid Type in The Physico-chemical Characteristics of Beeswax-based Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) of Metformin

2021 ◽  
Vol 09 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mona Qushawy
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Biological Membrane ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Full Factorial Design ◽  
Nanostructured Lipid Carrier ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Full Factorial

Background: Metformin (MF) is an antidiabetic drug that belongs to class III of the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) which is characterized by high solubility and low permeability. Objective: The study aimed to prepare metformin as nanostructured lipid carriers (MF-NLCs) to control the drug release and enhance its permeability through the biological membrane. Method: 22 full factorial design was used to make the design of MF-NLCs formulations. MF-NLCs were prepared by hot-melt homogenization-ultra sonication technique using beeswax as solid lipid in presence of liquid lipid (either capryol 90 or oleic acid) and surfactant (either poloxamer 188 or tween 80). Results: The entrapment efficiency (EE%) of MF-NLCs was ranged from 85.2±2.5 to 96.5±1.8%. The particle size was in the nanoscale (134.6±4.1 to 264.1±4.6 nm). The value of zeta potential has a negative value ranged from -25.6±1.1 to -39.4±0.9 mV. The PDI value was in the range of (0.253±0.01 to 0.496±0.02). The cumulative drug release was calculated for MF-NLCs and it was found that Q12h ranged from 90.5±1.7 % for MF-NLC1 to 99.3±2.8 for MF-NLC4. Infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed the compatibility of the drug with other ingredients. MF-NLC4 was found to the optimized formulation with the best responses. Conclusion: 22 full factorial design succeed to obtain an optimized formulation which controls the drug release and increases the drug penetration.

Physical, morphological and storage stability of Clove oil nanoemulsion based delivery system

2021 ◽  
pp. 108201322110694
Author(s):  
Prastuty Singh ◽  
Gurkirat Kaur ◽  
Arashdeep Singh
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Storage Stability ◽  
Droplet Diameter ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Comparative Effect ◽  
Soy Lecithin ◽  
Natural Surfactants ◽  
And Storage

Clove oil based Nanoemulsions (NE) were prepared ultrasonically using Tween 80 and soy lecithin as synthetic and natural surfactants, respectively. The developed NEs were characterized for various parameters (particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, morphology, viscosity, colour, turbidity and pH) and the comparative effect of both the surfactants at variable levels (oil:tween 80-1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 and oil: soy lecithin- 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2) was assessed. It was found that the type of surfactant and oil to surfactant ratio significantly affected particle size and stability of NEs. The NE prepared using tween 80 @1:3 had smallest average droplet diameter (40.9 nm). The formulated NEs were stored at 25 °C and 4 °C and analyzed for turbidity, pH and phase separation up to 90 days. Results revealed that the type and concentration of the surfactant significantly influenced the particle size and stability of NEs. NEs prepared using tween 80 were found to be more viscous than those prepared with soy lecithin. The prepared clove oil NEs have important implication to be used as a natural delivery system to increase the shelf life of food products.

scholarly journals Effect of Vegetable Oil on Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Dayak Onion [Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr.] Extract using Hydrophilic-lipophilic Balance Approach: Formulation, Characterization

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
pp. 210-216
Author(s):  
Esti Hendradi ◽  
Rahmi Annisa ◽  
Mochammad Yuwono
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Optimal Formula

Eleutherine palmifolia is a typical plant of Kalimantan that has been empirically used by the Dayak people as a cure for various types of diseases. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is a drug delivery system that can be developed for onion Dayak to improve its absorption profile. Selection of oil phase, surfactant, and cosurfactant have an essential role in SNEDDS of Dayak onion. The aims of this study to determine the effect of the use of vegetable oils on SNEDDS using the HLB approach. Several 40 formulations in each oil phase with HLB ranging between 11 and 15 were screened to acquire stable SNEDDS composition without the presence of phase separation. Formulas optimal obtained F33 (HLB 14) using olive oil at a ratio formula of 1:7:2. F29 (HLB 14), using VCO at a formula ratio of 1:7:2. F14 (HLB 14) uses palm oil at a ratio formula of 2:7:1. The result showed that the optimal formula F33 (olive oil) with 58 nm of the particle size, 84.32 ± 0.00 of the transmittance percentage, 22.00 ± 0,18 of the emulsification time. Formula F29 (VCO) with 19.48 nm of the particle size, 91.78 ± 0.02 of the transmittance percentage, 43.00 ± 0.16 of the emulsification time. Formula F14 (palm oil) with 102 nm of the particle size, 90.93 ± 0.02 of the transmittance percentage, 110 ± 0.34 of the emulsification time. The optimal formula that has good characteristics and stability is the F29 (VCO) formula using tween 20/transcutol as the surfactant, PEG 400, as co-surfactant at a ratio formula of 1:7:2.

scholarly journals Formulation and evaluation of self nano-emulsifying drug delivery system of ezetimibe for dissolution rate enhancement

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1294-1301
Author(s):  
Geethanjali K ◽  
Vaiyana Rajesh C
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
In Vitro Dissolution ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Peg 400 ◽  
Solid Form

The present study was aimed to develop a Self Nano Emulsifying Delivery System of Ezetimibe (EZM) for enhancing its dissolution rate. Ezetimibe is a cholesterol absorption inhibitor, being a lipophilic drug due to its low solubility EZM shows a low dissolution profile. The SNEDDS formulation consisted of excipients Cinnamon oil, Tween 80, PEG 400 as the Oil, Surfactant and Co-surfactant. Twelve formulations with different ratios of Oil, Surfactant and Co-surfactant were prepared. The liquid SNEDDS were then converted into Solid form by adsorption technique using Avicel PH 101 and Aerosil 200 as adsorbents. The liquid SNEDDS was characterised for Particle size, Emulsification time, Dispersibility, percentage transmittance, PCM, Centrifugation, Cloud Point and Freeze thaw cycle. The solid form was characterized for the flow property, SEM, Drug content and in-vitro dissolution. Among the twelve formulations F6 formulation was found to have a particle size of 196 nm and PDI of 0.123. F6 formulation was selected as the best and it was made into solid by adsorption onto solid carriers. The F6 formulation consisted of the 25% Cinnamon oil, 50% tween 80 and 25% PEG 400. The in-vitro dissolution rate of the prepared formulation was compared with the marketed formulation. The in-vitro dissolution data showed that the drug release at the end of 60 mins from marketed formulation was 63.75 % and from SNEDDS formulation was         90.62 %. The dissolution rate of the prepared SNEDDS was increased by 1.42 times than the marketed formulation. The increase in the dissolution rate shows that SNEDDS is a suitable drug delivery system to enhance the rate of dissolution of Ezetimibe.

Generation of Two-Level Cost Optimal Fractional Factorials

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 599-599
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Pignatiello
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Programming ◽  
Programming Problem ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Mathematical Programming Problem ◽  
Fractional Factorials ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Full Factorial

It is assumed that, in a 2k factorial experiment, there are different costs per observation at each of the factor combinations. When the number of factors, k, increases, the total number of observations in the full factorial increases rapidly as does the expense of observing all observations in the full factorial. If the experimenter can assume certain classes of higher-order interactions are negligible, then advantage may be taken by observing measurements from an orthogonal fractional factorial. For any “1/2p” fraction of the full factorial, a 2k-p experiment, there are 2p feasible orthogonal fractions that could be selected at random. This paper develops an algorithm for generating the minimum cost such fraction in an efficient way. The problem is formulated as a mathematical programming problem subject to a resolution III constraint (main effects unconfounded). Computational experience is presented.

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