Development and specification of an accurate cosine-behaviour responsivity radiometer head for infrared temperature radiation

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 769-778
Author(s):  
Richard Dieter Taubert ◽  
Christian Monte ◽  
Christoph Baltruschat ◽  
Marco Schulz ◽  
Jörg Hollandt
Keyword(s):  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Systematic Determination ◽  
Subsequent Measurement ◽  
Temperature Radiation ◽  
Comparison Measurements

Abstract In the framework of a cooperation between the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) and the European Leading Association of Radiant Gas Heaters Manufacturers (ELVHIS e. V.), an integrating sphere based radiometer head with a cosine-behaviour responsivity was developed. This type of radiometer is applied for the metrological characterization of gas-fired infrared radiant heaters according to the standards DIN EN 416-2 and DIN EN 419-2. A systematic determination of the reflectance/emittance of differently surface texturized plane samples and a subsequent measurement of the angular resolved responsivity of a dedicated manufactured radiometer head prototype series enabled the development of an optimized manufacturing specification in terms of the surface texturizing/electroplating for the integrating sphere. Through comparison measurements employing a second prototype series, manufactured by the PTB and a selected industrial workshop, the manufacturing specification was successfully validated.

scholarly journals Optical characterization of tissue-simulating phantom components at 405nm

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Ali Shahin ◽  
Wesam Bachir ◽  
Moustafa Sayem El-Daher
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Mie Scattering ◽  
Integrating Sphere ◽  
Polystyrene Microsphere ◽  
India Ink ◽  
Tissue Simulating Phantoms

Optical properties of India ink (1950375, Parker, Quink, England) and 1-µm polystyrene microsphere (07310-15, Polysciences, USA) have been predicted at 405nm. For this purpose, a single integrating sphere system and spectrophotometric transmission spectroscopy have been used to estimate the radiometric characteristics. Radiometric measurements utilized to retrieve optical coefficients based on two different methods. Extinction coefficient has been estimated using collimated transmittance. To reconstruct absorption and scattering coefficients, total transmittance, diffuse reflectance and transmittance were measured. Polystyrene albedo was 0.9925 and was 0.1044 for ink. The agreement of PS scattering coefficient in comparison to Mie theory was obvious. Full Text: PDF ReferencesB.W. Pogue, and M.S. Patterson, "Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry", J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 4(2006). CrossRef D. Coluccia, J. Fandino, M. Fujioka, S. Cordovi, C. Muroi, and H. Landolt, "Intraoperative 5-aminolevulinic-acid-induced fluorescence in meningiomas", Acta. Neurochir. 152 (2010). CrossRef P. Valdes et al. "https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/8928/892809/Quantitative-spectrally-resolved-intraoperative-fluorescence-imaging-for-neurosurgical-guidance-in/10.1117/12.2039090.short", Congress. Neuro. Surg. 10, 1(2014). CrossRef S. J. Madeson, M. S. Patterson, and B. C. Wilson, "The use of India ink as an optical absorber in tissue-simulating phantoms", Phys. Med. Bio. 37, 5(1997). CrossRef P. Ninni, F. Martelli, and G. Zaccanti, "The use of India ink in tissue-simulating phantoms", Opt. Express. 18, 26(2010). CrossRef F. Martelli, and G. Zaccanti, "Calibration of scattering and absorption properties of a liquid diffusive medium at NIR wavelengths. CW method", Opt. Express.15, 2(2007). CrossRef L. Spinelli et al. "Determination of reference values for optical properties of liquid phantoms based on Intralipid and India ink", Biomed. Opt. Express. 5, 7(2014). CrossRef Y. Liu, Y. Kim, and V. Beckman, "Development of a bioengineered tissue model and its application in the investigation of the depth selectivity of polarization gating", App.Opt. 44, 12 (2005). CrossRef B. Wilson, M. Patterson, and S. Flock, "INDIRECT VERSUS DIRECT TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF TISSUES", Photochem. Photobiol. 46, 5(1987). CrossRef L. L. Sandell, and T. C. Zhu, "A review of in‐vivo optical properties of human tissues and its impact on PDT", J. Biophotonics. 4,(2011). CrossRef A. Shahin, M. Sayem El-Daher, and W. Bachir, "Determination of the optical properties of Intralipid 20% over a broadband spectrum", Phot. Lett. Poland. 10, 4(2018). CrossRef A. Karinov, A. Mokeeva, E. Segeeva, P. Agrba, and M. Kirillin, "Optical properties of mouse biotissues and their optical phantoms", Opt. Spec. 115, 2(2013). CrossRef C. Matzler, Matlab Functions for Mie Scattering and Absorption, version 2 (Bern, Bern university 2002). DirectLink D. Roysten, R. Poston, and S. Prahl, "Optical properties of scattering and absorbing materials used in the development of optical phantoms at 1064 nm", JBO. 1, 1(1996). CrossRef A. Shahin, and W. Bachir, "Broadband spectroscopy for characterization of tissue-like phantom optical properties", Pol. J. Med. Phys. Eng. 21, 4(2017). CrossRef

Characterization of Impressed Current Technique to Model Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Abu Zakir Morshed ◽  
Sheikh Shakib ◽  
Tanzim Jahin
Keyword(s):  
Immersion Time ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
Faraday’S Law ◽  
Current Technique ◽  
Corrosion Cell ◽  
Impressed Current

Corrosion of reinforcement is an important durability concern for the structures exposed to coastal regions. Since corrosion of reinforcement involves long periods of time, impressed current technique is usually used to accelerate the corrosion of reinforcement in laboratories. Characterization of impressed current technique was the main focus of this research,which involved determination of optimum chloride content and minimum immersion time of specimens for which the application of Faraday’s law could be efficient. To obtain optimum chloride content, the electrolytes in the corrosion cell were prepared similar to that of concrete pore solutions. Concrete prisms of 200 mm by 200 mm by 300 mm were used to determine the minimum immersion time for saturation. It was found that the optimum chloride content was 35 gm/L and the minimum immersion time for saturation was 140 hours. Accounting the results, a modified expression based on Faraday’s law was proposed to calculate weight loss due to corrosion. Journal of Engineering Science 11(1), 2020, 93-99

The Determination of Sense via Deleuze and Blanchot: Paradoxes of the Habitual, the Immemorial, and the Eternal Return

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Brently Young
Keyword(s):  
Eternal Return

Eternal return is the paradox that accounts for the interplay between difference and repetition, a dynamic at the heart of Deleuze's philosophy, and Blanchot's approach to this paradox, even and especially through what it elides, further illuminates it. Deleuze draws on Blanchot's characterisations of difference, forgetting, and the unlivable to depict the ‘sense’ produced via eternal return, which, for Blanchot, is where repetition implicates or ‘carries’ pure difference. However, for Deleuze, difference and the unlivable are also developed by the living repetition or ‘contraction’ of habit, which results in his distinctive characterization of ‘force’, ‘levity’, and sense in eternal return.

Tire Treadwear — A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Factors: Generic Type, Aspect Ratio, Tread Pattern, and Tread Composition Part I: Introduction and Details on the Organization of the Program

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 201-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Veith
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Systematic Determination ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This four-part series of papers addresses the problem of systematic determination of the influence of several tire factors on tire treadwear. Both the main effect of each factor and some of their interactive effects are included. The program was also structured to evaluate the influence of some external-to-tire conditions on the relationship of tire factors to treadwear. Part I describes the experimental design used to evaluate the effects on treadwear of generic tire type, aspect ratio, tread pattern (groove or void level), type of pattern (straight rib or block), and tread compound. Construction procedures and precautions used to obtain a valid and functional test method are included. Two guiding principles to be used in the data analyses of Parts II and III are discussed. These are the fractional groove and void concept, to characterize tread pattern geometry, and a demonstration of the equivalence of wear rate for identical compounds on whole tread or multi-section tread tires.

SEM/EDS Characterization of Uncommon Metal Whiskers and Determination of Underlying Growth Mechanisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Basak ◽  
L. H. Ponce
Keyword(s):  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Whisker Growth ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Crystal Oscillator ◽  
Analysis Laboratory ◽  
Investigative Techniques

Abstract Two case-studies on uncommon metals whiskers, performed at the Reliability Analysis Laboratory (RAL) of Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems, are presented. The components analyzed are an Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator (OCXO) and an Electromechanical Relay. Investigative techniques were used to determine the chemical and physical makeup of the metal whiskers and develop an understanding of the underlying effects and mechanisms that caused the conditions conducive to whisker growth.

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