scholarly journals Sniffing the mood for cooperation: Personality and odor induced affective states effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-227
Author(s):  
Marta Marchlewska ◽  
Ewa Czerniawska ◽  
Karolina Oleksiak
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Situational Factor ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Pleasant Odor ◽  
Ambient Odor ◽  
One Way Anova

Abstract The paper explores situational and dispositional underpinnings of cooperative behavior. According to psychological research, cooperation is strongly related to affective states (Forgas, 1998) and personality dimensions (Volk, Thöni, & Ruigrok, 2011). In an experimental study we examined the conditions under which people cooperate with each other. The dispositional traits of co-workers (personality), the contribution to a collaborative effort, and a situational factor – ambient odor condition were taken into consideration. A one-way ANOVA revealed that compared to a malodorous condition, both the pleasant odor condition and the natural odor condition showed higher rates of cooperation. Further analysis indicated that only malodors influenced affective states which in turn determined social decisions. Although we found effects for the participants’ agreeableness and the coworker’s contribution to a joint work, they appeared to play a less critical role than affective states induced by the experimental odor conditions tested here.

The Group Engagement Model: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Cooperative Behavior

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom R. Tyler ◽  
Steven L. Blader
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Relational Model ◽  
Mediation Hypothesis ◽  
Value Model ◽  
Group Engagement ◽  
Group Engagement Model

The group engagement model expands the insights of the group-value model of procedural justice and the relational model of authority into an explanation for why procedural justice shapes cooperation in groups, organizations, and societies. It hypothesizes that procedures are important because they shape people's social identity within groups, and social identity in turn influences attitudes, values, and behaviors. The model further hypothesizes that resource judgments exercise their influence indirectly by shaping social identity. This social identity mediation hypothesis explains why people focus on procedural justice, and in particular on procedural elements related to the quality of their interpersonal treatment, because those elements carry the most social identity-relevant information. In this article, we review several key insights of the group engagement model, relate these insights to important trends in psychological research on justice, and discuss implications of the model for the future of procedural justice research.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Gender and Age on Self-concept of School Level Student

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jignesh Jani
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
School Level ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
School Students ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Academic Assignments ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Level Student

School students have to deal with a range of tasks, responsibilities, duties and academic assignments. In order to accomplish their individual, social and academic objectives successfully, students required possessing a set of competencies and a required level of intelligence and efficiency. Self concept of school students have become some of the most influential phenomenon in the management of educational and environmental stress. The present research attempt has been made (1) to study the effect of gender on self-concept of school level children (2) to study the effect of age on self-concept of school level students. It was hypothesized that gender and age have no impact on self concept of school students. To measure self-concept, self concept scale for children developed by Singh, H and Singh, S. published by Agra Psychological Research Cell was used. Statics like student ‘t’ and one way ANOVA tests were calculated Results: Self concept of girls were higher than the boys where as age has no impact on self concept of school level student. All the three age groups of school level student have more or less similar self concept.

scholarly journals Rethinking human-animal relations: The critical role of social psychology

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristof Dhont ◽  
Gordon Hodson ◽  
Steve Loughnan ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Human Animal

People deeply value their social bonds with companion animals, yet routinely devalue other animals, considering them mere commodities to satisfy human interests and desires. Despite the inherently social and intergroup nature of these complexities, social psychology is long overdue in integrating human-animal relations in its theoretical frameworks. The present body of work brings together social psychological research advancing our understanding of: 1) the factors shaping our perceptions and thinking about animals as social groups, 2) the complexities involved in valuing (caring) and devaluing (exploiting) animals, and 3) the implications and importance of human-animal relations for human intergroup relations. In this article, we survey the diversity of research paradigms and theoretical frameworks developed within the intergroup relations literature that are relevant, perchance critical, to the study of human-animal relations. Furthermore, we highlight how understanding and rethinking human-animal relations will eventually lead to a more comprehensive understanding of many human intergroup phenomena.

scholarly journals Digital Emotion Regulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 412-418
Author(s):  
Greg Wadley ◽  
Wally Smith ◽  
Peter Koval ◽  
James J. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Disciplinary Field ◽  
Behavioral Phenomenon

People routinely regulate their emotions in order to function more effectively at work, to behave more appropriately in social situations, or simply to feel better. Recently, researchers have begun to examine how people shape their affective states using digital technologies, such as smartphones. In this article, we discuss the emergence of digital emotion regulation, both as a widespread behavioral phenomenon and a new cross-disciplinary field of research. This field bridges two largely distinct areas of enquiry: (a) psychological research into how and why people regulate their emotions, which has yet to systematically explore the role of digital technology, and (b) computing research into how digital technologies impact users’ emotions, which has yet to integrate psychological theories of emotion regulation. We argue that bringing these two areas into better contact will benefit both and will facilitate a deeper understanding of the nature and significance of digital emotion regulation.

A Study On Employees Job Satisfaction In Indian Railway (With Reference to Salem Division of Southern Railway)

GIS Business ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
Dr. S. Sathya ◽  
Dr. T. Mohanraj
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Organizational Goals ◽  
Employee Job Satisfaction ◽  
Human Resource Management Practices ◽  
Indian Railway ◽  
One Way Anova

Job satisfaction of employees is considered as one of the important factors for improving the organizational goals. The Indian railway is similar to the attempt to increase employee job satisfaction. In this regard, human resource management practices can have a critical role. This study focused on problems in working environment and various welfare activities in Indian railways. Moreover, this research attempted to examine the variables on job satisfaction separately. The total 354 collected data from Salem railway division of southern railways have been tested and analyzed by one way ANOVA Analysis.

Unfolding Commitments Management

2009 ◽  
pp. 198-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Aubé
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Cooperative Behavior ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Expression Of Emotions ◽  
Emotional Episodes

The Commitment Theory of Emotions is issued from a careful scrutiny of emotional behavior in humans and animals, as reported in the literature on Evolutionary Biology, Neurosciences and the Psychology of emotions. Emotions are viewed as a special layer of processes, wired upon needs and instincts, and dealing mainly with nurturance, social bonding and cooperative behavior, especially between kin and relatives. As every other motivational system, they operate so as to manage resources critical for survival and reproduction. The peculiar resources emotions do manage are commitments, understood as the predispositions of a given individual to help others and collaborate with them in a reciprocal manner. This view clarifies considerably the interactions emotions entertain with a variety of modules involved in their operation, from the detection of antecedents in perceptual or memory systems, to the elicitation of the appropriate emotion, to the execution of the corresponding script, to the expression of emotions as the typical outcome of emotional episodes. The flow of processing is continuously modulated by affective states of the organisms and by other motivational systems. The chapter expounds the operation of each module as well as their interactions with each other. It concludes that successful implementation of emotions in artificial systems will have to rest upon the specifications of complex and realistic models of the kind presented.

A New Faces Scale in Pain Measurement: A Test of Bias From Current Mood, Trait Affectivity, and Scale Range

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Achim Elfering ◽  
Simone Grebner
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Negative Trait ◽  
Current Mood ◽  
Trait Affectivity

Background and Purpose: Faces pain rating scales used among children have been criticized to confound affective states with pain when smiling faces are included. This experimental study is an attempt to examine the possible confounding of affective states with pain when smiling faces are used as part of a faces scale. The meaning of the faces was tested to depend on current mood, current pain, trait affectivity, and inclusion versus exclusion of smiling faces. Methods: Sixty-four participants made 6,720 two-categorical pain judgments on faces with different mouth curvature. Results: In multilevel regression analysis, current level of pain and negative trait affectivity biased faces’ meaning only when the smiling faces were excluded from the scale. Conclusions: In adults, the new full range faces pain scale including a midpoint neutral face and smiling faces was more robust than the restricted scale. The faces scale that was tested in this study is not applicable for patient measurement but it is an interesting tool for psychological research.

scholarly journals The individual dynamics of affective expression on social media

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Pellert ◽  
Simon Schweighofer ◽  
David Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Text Analysis ◽  
Affective Computing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Affective Expression ◽  
Affective Dynamics ◽  
Positive Valence

AbstractUnderstanding the temporal dynamics of affect is crucial for our understanding human emotions in general. In this study, we empirically test a computational model of affective dynamics by analyzing a large-scale dataset of Facebook status updates using text analysis techniques. Our analyses support the central assumptions of our model: After stimulation, affective states, quantified as valence and arousal, exponentially return to an individual-specific baseline. On average, this baseline is at a slightly positive valence value and at a moderate arousal point below the midpoint. Furthermore, affective expression, in this case posting a status update on Facebook, immediately pushes arousal and valence towards the baseline by a proportional value. These results are robust to the choice of the text analysis technique and illustrate the fast timescale of affective dynamics through social media text. These outcomes are of high relevance for affective computing, the detection and modeling of collective emotions, the refinement of psychological research methodology, and the detection of abnormal, and potentially pathological, individual affect dynamics.

scholarly journals A Cautionary Note on Predicting Social Judgments from Faces with Deep Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umit Keles ◽  
Chujun Lin ◽  
Ralph Adolphs
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Face Identification ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Analysis Pipeline ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Social Decisions ◽  
Out Of Sample

AbstractPeople spontaneously infer other people’s psychology from faces, encompassing inferences of their affective states, cognitive states, and stable traits such as personality. These judgments are known to be often invalid, but nonetheless bias many social decisions. Their importance and ubiquity have made them popular targets for automated prediction using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). Here, we investigated the applicability of this approach: how well does it generalize, and what biases does it introduce? We compared three distinct sets of features (from a face identification DCNN, an object recognition DCNN, and using facial geometry), and tested their prediction across multiple out-of-sample datasets. Across judgments and datasets, features from both pre-trained DCNNs provided better predictions than did facial geometry. However, predictions using object recognition DCNN features were not robust to superficial cues (e.g., color and hair style). Importantly, predictions using face identification DCNN features were not specific: models trained to predict one social judgment (e.g., trustworthiness) also significantly predicted other social judgments (e.g., femininity and criminal), and at an even higher accuracy in some cases than predicting the judgment of interest (e.g., trustworthiness). Models trained to predict affective states (e.g., happy) also significantly predicted judgments of stable traits (e.g., sociable), and vice versa. Our analysis pipeline not only provides a flexible and efficient framework for predicting affective and social judgments from faces but also highlights the dangers of such automated predictions: correlated but unintended judgments can drive the predictions of the intended judgments.

scholarly journals Personal values in mental disorders: an exploratory analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Socci ◽  
Dalila Talevi ◽  
Paolo Stratta ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
Francesca Pacitti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Personal Values ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Positive Affectivity ◽  
Conservation Values

AbstractPersonal values have increasingly become central in socio-psychological research. However, the relationships between values and psychopathological variables have been scarcely investigated, with mixed results. This study aimed to explore potential differences in value orientation in a sample of people with psychotic disorders and mood disorders compared to a non-clinical sample using the Schwarz’s values framework. A clinical sample of 162 subjects (92 subjects with psychotic disorders and 70 with mood disorders) and a non-clinical sample of 217 subjects completed the self-report measures of affective states (PANAS) and personal values (PVQ). Irrespective of the diagnostic group, the clinical sample showed higher expression of Conservation values (i.e., Tradition, Conformity, Security). Conservation and Self-enhancement values positively correlated with PANAS-positive affectivity in the clinical sample; in the non-clinical sample, Self-enhancement values only correlated with PANAS-positive affectivity. The expression of Conservation values in individuals with a mental disorder could reflect an orientation toward Conformity underlying fundamental affiliative goals. The complex relationship between personal values and clinical constructs should be further investigated, with important theoretical and clinical implications in mental health.

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