scholarly journals Examination of “Pre-competition” anxiety levels, of mid-distance runners: A quantitative approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Bebetsos ◽  
Dimitrios Goulimaris
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Greek Version ◽  
Sport Competition ◽  
Anxiety Levels ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Mid-distance runners are subject to intense cognitive and somatic anxiety, not only during competition but also during practice. An important variable which may influence athletes’ performance is perceived behavioral control on anxiety. The aim of the present study was to examine whether aspects such as sex, sport/competition experience and weekly practices, differentiated the participants respectively. The participants consisted of 110 athletes, 61 male and 49 female athletes, between the ages of 15 and 28 (Μ=20.05, SD=2.82).They all completed the Greek version of the “Pre- Race Questionnaire”. Results indicated differences between the less experienced and more experienced athletes in almost all factors of the questionnaire, for both sport/competition experience, and weekly practices. No gender differences were shown. Overall, results could help sport professionals such as coaches and the athletes themselves, become more familiar with the sport-specific psychological aspects involved in their unique sport.

scholarly journals Athletes′ criticism of coaching behavior: Differences among gender, and type of sport

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Bebetsos ◽  
Filippos Filippou ◽  
George Bebetsos
Keyword(s):  
Female Athletes ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Greek Version ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sport Competition ◽  
Coaching Behavior ◽  
Practice Time ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Gender Type

Abstract Most athletes are subject to intense mental and physical pressure not only during competition but also during practice. An important variable which may influence athletes′ performance is coaching behavior. The aim of the present study is to investigate if coaching behavior and its antecedents differentiate athletes according to their gender, type of sport, competition experience and weekly practice-time. The sample consisted of 367 male and female athletes who participated in both individual and team sports. They completed the Greek version of the “Coaching Behavior Questionnaire” (CBQ). Results indicated that coaching behavior differentiated athletes of individual sports, and athletes of team sports and experienced women with experienced men. Furthermore, coaches’ behavior contributed to the differentiation on athletes who practice more than those who practice less. In conclusion, these results could help athletes, coaches and sport professionals become more familiar with psychological aspects that influence athletes′ behavior.

From physical to digital: what drives generation Z for mobile commerce adoption?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Verma ◽  
Vaibhav Tripathi ◽  
Ajai Pratap Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Mobile Commerce ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Intention To Adopt ◽  
Generation Z ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose This study aims to identify factors affecting generation Z as the early adopters of mobile commerce (m-commerce). The research seeks to explore their behavioral intention to adopt m-commerce in India with consideration of gender differences while providing empirical validation for the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Design/methodology/approach In this study, a modified TPB model has been used to explain generation Z’s intention to adopt m-commerce. The proposed model was tested using a survey method with a sample of 245 students from a private university in Northern India. Subgroup analysis was performed to find gender differences in the process of adopting m-commerce. Findings All three independent constructs have a positive influence on the behavioral intention of generation Z to adopt m-commerce. Further, the male subgroup has a lower beta value for attitude and higher beta value for subjective norm in comparison to the female subgroup. For perceived behavioral control, no significant difference in beta value across gender could be established. Practical implications A better understanding of generation Z behavioral intentions will be of great use to telecom companies, marketers and electronic commerce companies to formulate strategies to expedite the use of m-commerce. As gender plays an important role in attitude and subjective norms, companies are advised to target their communication tactics in accordance to gender. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to test TPB and generation Z association in the context of m-commerce adoption in India. Data regarding the difference between the two genders has also shed light on the uniqueness of the context.

Gender differences for theory-based determinants of muscle-strengthening physical activity in college-aged students: a moderation analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Fairchild Saidi ◽  
Paul Branscum
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Reasoned Action Approach ◽  
Muscle Strengthening ◽  
Perceived Norms ◽  
Motivational Interventions ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Researchers and practitioners have primarily focused on understanding and promoting aerobic forms of physical activity (PA), while leaving muscle-strengthening forms of PA less understood. There are also stark gender disparities for muscle-strengthening PA but not aerobic PA. The purpose of this study was to apply the reasoned action approach (RAA) toward understanding theory-based determinants of muscle-strengthening PA and to explore gender differences. Female (n = 272) and male (n = 120) college students completed a valid and reliable survey evaluating their participation in muscle-strengthening PA and the constructs of the RAA (intentions, attitudes, perceived norms, and perceived behavioral control [PBC]). Results showed that attitudes, perceived norms, and PBC explained a substantial amount of the variance of intentions for both female (53.8%) and male (54.7%) participants; however, when predicting participation in muscle-strengthening PA, PBC moderated the relationship between intentions and muscle-strengthening PA participation for female participants but not for male participants. Results from this study showed that for women, implementational processes are likely needed for public health interventions to promote muscle-strengthening PA to build capability, skills, and self-efficacy, while for men, motivational interventions are warranted to create favorable attitudes.

scholarly journals Using Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict the Physical Activity of Children: Probing Gender Differences

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijuan Wang ◽  
Lin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Theory Of Planned Behavior ◽  
Planned Behavior ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Vigorous Physical Activity ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control

Objectives. The primary objective of this study was to use the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine the association between TPB variables and the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) of children in Shanghai, China. Gender differences were also explored.Methods. The participants were 353 children (180 boys and 173 girls) aged 9 to 13 years from three primary schools in Shanghai. Accelerometers were used to measure the MVPA duration of the children. Questionnaires that focused on attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) related to MVPA engagement were completed by the participants.Results. Regression analyses revealed that intention, and not PBC, accounted for 9% of the variance in MVPA. Meanwhile, attitude and PBC explained 33% of the variance in intentions to engage in MVPA. In terms of gender differences, TPB performed better in the physical activity (PA) domain for boys than for girls. Furthermore, attitude and PBC were significantly associated with intention among boys, whereas only PBC was significantly related to intention among girls.Conclusion. Practitioners should consider tailoring intervention to address gender differences to increase leisure-time PA participation of children.

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS: EVIDENCE FROM BULGARIA

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 245-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
DESISLAVA I. YORDANOVA ◽  
MARIA-ANTONIA TARRAZON
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Gender Effects ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Entrepreneurship Policy ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Start Ups

Despite the increasing interest in researching female entrepreneurship, little is known about gender differences in pre-venture process and the variables that mediate the relationship between gender and entrepreneurial intentions. The purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions. Using this framework, we explore gender effects on entrepreneurial intentions and identify factors that may account for the gender gap in entrepreneurial intentions in a sample of Bulgarian university students. Our results show that women have lower entrepreneurial intentions than men. The gender effect on entrepreneurial intentions is fully mediated by perceived behavioral control and partially mediated by perceived subjective norms and attitudes toward entrepreneurship. Policy measures designed to encourage female start-ups should be directed at attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and the link between entrepreneurial intentions and behavior among women.

scholarly journals The development of entrepreneurial potential among higher education students

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elina Varamäki ◽  
Sanna Joensuu ◽  
Erno Tornikoski ◽  
Anmari Viljamaa
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Young People ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of how entrepreneurial potential is developed among young people. Changes in individuals’ entrepreneurial intentions and the antecedents of intentions are investigated, as well as the impact of entrepreneurship education on the changes. Design/methodology/approach – Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is applied. Longitudinal data from 197 HE students, in their first and third year of studies, is examined using path analysis. Findings – Overall the entrepreneurial intentions of HE students decreased over time. Intentions decreased particularly for those with high initial level of intentions, whereas the group with increasing intentions rose from low to neutral level of intentions. Changes in attitudes and perceived behavioral control have a significant positive impact. Versatile entrepreneurship courses have direct effect on changes in attitudes. Changes in attitudes have a dual role, as they influence change in both intentions and perceived behavioral control. The developed model explains 19 percent of the variance among women and 28 percent among men, suggesting gender differences in development of intentions. Research limitations/implications – Only one way of developing entrepreneurial potential in young people (i.e. education) is covered. The empirical sample is limited to one university. Practical implications – The results suggest versatile methods of entrepreneurship education are more effective in developing intentions than perhaps purely active modes. Gender differences should be considered when designing interventions to foster entrepreneurial potential. Originality/value – The research confirms with longitudinal individual-level data the applicability of TPB on entrepreneurial intentions and demonstrates the mediated impact of versatile entrepreneurship courses on changes in intentions.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 Lockdown Effect on the Intention to Purchase Sustainable Brands

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3241
Author(s):  
Lidia Alexa ◽  
Andreea Apetrei ◽  
Juan Sapena
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Sustainable Products ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Way

After the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020, almost all European countries entered a lockdown. This context caused sudden changes at multiple levels, affecting the way people were working, buying, studying and even the way they were interacting. Moreover, during lockdown people showed a special attention to local and sustainable brands giving momentum to the interest on sustainability, that has been increasing in the last years. Therefore, this study aims to determine the intention of buying sustainable and local brands due to the COVID-19 lockdown. An online survey was conducted for two groups of young adults from Spain and Romania, between April and June 2020. The questionnaire respects the methodological recommendations of Azjen (1985) and related literature on how to construct a survey based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and it aims to gather information about the three main constructs that determine the individual’s behavioral intention: attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. The results suggest that both Spanish and Romanian samples intended to buy more local and sustainable brands, despite the slightly different attitudes. Moreover, the data show that both subjective norms and perceived behavioral control influence attitudes toward sustainable and local brands, and hence, indirectly the intention to buy sustainable products. The outcomes are adding to the literature on sustainability, and understanding the effects of COVID-19 on consumer behavior. Additionally, the results can help better understand the importance of sustainability in Spain and Romania, and therefore, offering support to practitioners in building policies and programs that encourage a sustainable lifestyle.

Materialism and Green Purchase Intention: A Study of Urban Vietnamese Consumers

2017 ◽  
pp. 89-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mai Nguyen Thi Tuyet ◽  
Hung Nguyen Vu ◽  
Linh Nguyen Hoang ◽  
Minh Nguyen Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Subjective Norm ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Tpb Model ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Impact

This study focuses on examining the impact of three components of materialism on green purchase intention for urban consumers in Vietnam, an emerging economy. An extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is applied as the conceptual framework for this study. The hypotheses are empirically tested using survey data obtained from consumers in Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. The regression results show support for most of our hypotheses. The findings indicate that two out of three facets of materialism are significant predictors of green purchase intention. Specifically, success is found to be negatively related to purchase intention, while happiness is related positively to the intention. All three antecedents in the TPB model, including attitude towards green purchase, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control are also found to have positive impacts on purchase intention. The research findings are discussed and implications for managers and policy makers are provided.

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