Green composites based on recycled polyamide-6/recycled polypropylene kenaf composites: mechanical, thermal and morphological properties

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 291-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhailah Mohd Sukri ◽  
Nor Liyana Suradi ◽  
Agus Arsad ◽  
Abdul Razak Rahmat ◽  
Azman Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Recycled Polypropylene ◽  
Izod Impact ◽  
Kenaf Composites ◽  
Properties Of Composites

Abstract The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of kenaf contents on mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of recycled polyamide-6 (rPA-6)/recycled polypropylene (rPP) blends. Kenaf was used to enhance the properties of composites. Alkali treating of kenaf by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and combination with propylene grafted maleic anhydride (PPgMA) as a compatibilizer produced good adhesion both between rPP and rPA-6, and rPA-6/rPP and kenaf. Tensile, flexural and Izod impact tests were evaluated to study the mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) tests were carried out to investigate thermal properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed for morphological analysis. Generally, the mechanical properties were successfully enhanced, especially Young’s modulus, flexural modulus, flexural strength and elongation at break, while there were some problems which caused the tensile strength and impact strength to be inferior. Thermal analysis showed that the crystallization of composites decreased as kenaf contents were increased. SEM showed a problem with kenaf and rPP/rPA-6 compatibility, which led to insufficient matrix at some places and agglomeration of kenaf at other places. Morphologically, there was unidirectional presence of kenaf in rPP main composites and random orientation in rPA-6 main composites.

scholarly journals PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF LATEX/FILLER NANOCOMPOSITES

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-238
Author(s):  
Mohamad Firdaus Omar ◽  
NURIAH MOHAMAD ◽  
Fathilah Ali
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Silane Coupling Agents ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Silane Coupling ◽  
Latex Compounding

Latex compounding which incorporates various types of clays as filler to the rubber can significantly give reinforcement in the rubber matrix when rubber/clay nanocomposites are formed, but the filler agglomerates. Thus, study was conducted by using Kaolin clay as the filler in the rubber nanocomposites with silane coupling agent to functionalize the surface of the filler. This study was done in order to investigate the mechanical properties of various functionalized Kaolin in latex nanocomposites, to prepare various ratios of Kaolin to rubber, and to characterize mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the Kaolin in latex nanocomposites. To achieve these, six types of silane coupling agents was used for Kaolin filler surface functionalization purpose during the filler’s incorporation in latex compounding. The optimized coupling agent, USi-7301 (?-chloropropyltrimetoxysilane) – with tensile strength value of 32.77 MPa, elongation at break value of 632.589 % and force at break value of 6.737 N – was used to further functionalize Kaolin filler in different ratios so as to achieve the optimum mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the filler in the polymer matrix. Universal tensile machine was used to analyze the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, while the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were used to observe the morphological and thermal properties of the nanocomposites, respectively. The results showed that reducing the Total Solids Content (TSC) of Kaolin filler to 26 % somehow showed the optimized properties of the nanocomposites, giving 34.00 MPa tensile strength, 576.494 % elongation at break and 6.564 N force at break. Rough surface morphology was observed under SEM suggesting the occurrence of phase separation between the hydrophilic filler and the hydrophobic rubber matrix. In the DSC plot, sample with USi-7301 and with functionalized Kaolin filler 26 % TSC showed glass transition temperature shifted to lower region compared to normal nitrile rubber. The reinforcement of nanocomposites formed will not only enhance the properties of the nanocomposites, but is also economically feasible thus brings advantages to the industry. ABSTRAK: Penyebatian lateks yang menggabungkan pelbagai jenis tanah liat sebagai pengisi dalam getah dapat memberi pengukuhan dalam matriks getah dengan ketara apabila nanokomposit getah / tanah liat terbentuk, tetapi pengisi mengagregat. Oleh itu, kajian dijalankan dengan menggunakan tanah liat Kaolin sebagai pengisi dalam nanokomposit getah dengan ejen gandingan silan untuk menambah-fungsi permukaan pengisi tersebut. Kajian ini dilakukan untuk mengenalpasti sifat mekanik pelbagai Kaolin (yang berfungsi) dalam nanokomposit lateks, untuk menyediakan pelbagai nisbah Kaolin terhadap getah, dan untuk mencirikan sifat mekanik, haba dan morfologi Kaolin dalam nanokomposit lateks. Untuk mencapainya, enam jenis ejen gandingan silan digunakan untuk tujuan menambah-fungsi permukaan pengisi Kaolin semasa penggabungan pengisi dalam penyebatian lateks. Ejen gandingan silan yang paling optimum, USi-7301 (?-silan kloropropiltrimetoksi) - dengan nilai kekuatan tegangan 32.77 MPa, nilai pemanjangan ketika pemutusan 632.589% dan kekuatan daya ketika pemutusan 6.737 N - digunakan dengan lebih lanjut untuk menambah-fungsi pengisi Kaolin dalam nisbah yang berbeza untuk lebih mencapai sifat mekanikal, haba dan morfologi optimum pengisi dalam matriks polimer lateks. Mesin tegangan universal digunakan untuk menganalisis sifat mekanik nanokomposit, sementara Mikroskopi Elektron Pengimbasan (SEM) dan Kalorimetri Pengimbasan Berbeza (DSC) digunakan untuk menganalisa sifat morfologi dan haba nanokomposit tersebut. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengurangan Jumlah Kandungan Pepejal (TSC) pengisi Kaolin kepada 26% menunjukkan sifat optimum nanokomposit, dengan kekuatan tegangan 34.00 MPa, pemanjangan ketika pemutusan sebanyak 576.494% dan daya ketika pemutusan sebanyak 6.564 N. Morfologi permukaan kasar diperhatikan di bawah SEM dan ia menunjukkan berlakunya pemisahan fasa antara pengisi hidrofilik dan matriks getah hidrofobik. Dalam plot DSC, sampel dengan USi-7301 dan dengan pengisi Kaolin yang difungsikan dengan 26% TSC menunjukkan suhu peralihan kaca beralih ke kawasan yang lebih rendah berbanding getah nitril biasa. Pengukuhan nanokomposit yang terbentuk bukan sahaja akan meningkatkan sifat nanokomposit, tetapi juga dapat dilaksanakan secara ekonomi sehingga memberi banyak kelebihan kepada industri.

Effect on Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of PA6 Nanocomposites with Addition of OMMT and PFR

2013 ◽  
Vol 712-715 ◽  
pp. 195-198
Author(s):  
Dong Mei Bao ◽  
Ji Ping Liu ◽  
Xiang Yang Hao
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nanocomposite System ◽  
Organically Modified ◽  
Twin Screw

The organically modified montmorrillonite (OMMT)/phosphorus polymeic flame retardant (PFR)/polyamide 6(PA6) nanocomposites were prepared via melt intercalation on a twin-screw extruder. The structure formed in nanocomposite system was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Properties such as flame retardancy, notched impact strength, tensile strength, elongation at break and flexural modulus were studied by limited oxygen index (LOI) approach, UL94, and mechanical property test. The results of the studies indicated that flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PA6 nanocomposites were all reinforced due to addition of OMMT and PFR.

scholarly journals Hybrid Cellulose-Glass Fiber Composites for Automotive Applications

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 3189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annandarajah ◽  
Langhorst ◽  
Kiziltas ◽  
Grewell ◽  
Mielewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Glass Fibers ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Hybrid Fibers ◽  
Glass Fiber Composites

: In the recent years, automakers have been striving to improve the carbon footprint of their vehicles. Sustainable composites, consisting of natural fibers, and/or recycled polymers have been developed as a way to increase the “green content” and reduce the weight of a vehicle. In addition, recent studies have found that the introduction of synthetic fibers to a traditional fiber composite such as glass filled plastics, producing a composite with multiple fillers (hybrid fibers), can result in superior mechanical properties. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of hybrid fibers on characterization and material properties of polyamide-6 (PA6)/polypropylene (PP) blends. Cellulose and glass fibers were used as fillers and the mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of composites were evaluated. The addition of hybrid fibers increased the stiffness (tensile and flexural modulus) of the composites. Glass fibers reduced composite water absorption while the addition of cellulose fibers resulted in higher composite stiffness. The mechanical properties of glass and cellulose filled PA6/PP composites were optimized at loading levels of 15 wt% glass and 10 wt% cellulose, respectively.

Thermal, morphological and mechanical properties of composites based on polyamide 6 with cellulose, silica and their hybrids from rice husk

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832097829
Author(s):  
Renato P Melo ◽  
Marcelo P da Rosa ◽  
Paulo H Beck ◽  
Lucas GP Tienne ◽  
Maria de Fátima V Marques
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Polyamide 6 ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
The One ◽  
Properties Of Composites

The use of cellulosic fibers from different natural sources as fillers in polymer matrices to improve their properties has been extensively studied in the last years. It is mainly due to the vast availability of natural fibers as well as their biodegradability. The purpose of this present work was to extract cellulose, silica, and cellulose-silica fillers – these last called “hybrids” – from rice husk through delignification and subsequent oxidation and, then, prepare composites with polyamide 6 and improve mainly its thermal-mechanical properties. The content of 10 wt.% of fillers was inserted in PA 6 matrix. Infrared spectroscopy pointed the main characteristic peaks of cellulose and silica of hybrids, as thermogravimetric analysis showed high thermal stability of fillers, allowing their incorporation in PA-6 matrix by extrusion method. Thermo dynamic-mechanical analysis showed, in a general overview, a significant improvement of mechanical properties of composites, as elastic modulus, compared with neat polyamide-6, mainly the one with 2.5 wt% of silica and 7.5% of cellulose. This last also showed increasing of degree of crystallinity, measured by differential scanning calorimetry, showing the extraction efficiency of fillers from rice husk as well as the potential application of composites as structural components in automotive parts.

Mechanical Characterization and Fracture Analysis of Epoxy Resin Composites Reinforced with Quasi-Unidirectional Salago Fibers

2021 ◽  
Vol 324 ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Jerome D. Lopena ◽  
Jeremiah C. Millare
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
Fracture Analysis ◽  
Fiber Loading ◽  
Weight Content ◽  
Izod Impact ◽  
Properties Of Composites

The good environmental effect and possible cost reduction which can be achieved by reinforcing natural fibers in composites while improving some properties led to the development of these materials in various fields. In terms of mechanical properties of composites with natural fibers, both fiber loading and their orientation in the matrices are important factors. In this research work, the effects on the mechanical properties of reinforcing quasi-unidirectional salago fiber in epoxy resin were investigated. Varying alkaline treated fiber contents of 5 %, 10 % and 15 % by weight were characterized through tensile, flexural and impact tests. Fracture analysis after mechanical testing was done with the aid of optical microscopy. As the fiber weight content increases, results revealed enhancements on tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, flexural modulus and impact strength. Overall, the 15 wt. % fiber loading obtained the highest mechanical properties with average tensile and Izod impact strengths of 89.2 MPa and 137 J/m, respectively.

scholarly journals Low-Temperature Mechanical Properties of High-Density and Low-Density Polyethylene and Their Blends

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1821
Author(s):  
Ildar I. Salakhov ◽  
Nadim M. Shaidullin ◽  
Anatoly E. Chalykh ◽  
Mikhail A. Matsko ◽  
Alexey V. Shapagin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Relative Elongation ◽  
High Density ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Izod Impact

Low-temperature properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and their blends were studied. The analyzed low-temperature mechanical properties involve the deformation resistance and impact strength characteristics. HDPE is a bimodal ethylene/1-hexene copolymer; LDPE is a branched ethylene homopolymer containing short-chain branches of different length; LLDPE is a binary ethylene/1-butene copolymer and an ethylene/1-butene/1-hexene terpolymer. The samples of copolymers and their blends were studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 13С NMR spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) using testing machines equipped with a cryochamber. It is proposed that such parameters as “relative elongation at break at −45 °C” and “Izod impact strength at −40 °C” are used instead of the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature to assess frost resistance properties because these parameters are more sensitive to deformation and impact at subzero temperatures for HDPE. LLDPE is shown to exhibit higher relative elongation at break at −45 °C and Izod impact strength at −20 ÷ 60 °C compared to those of LDPE. LLDPE terpolymer added to HDPE (at a content ≥ 25 wt.%) simultaneously increases flow properties and improves tensile properties of the blend at −45 °C. Changes in low-temperature properties as a function of molecular weight, MWD, crystallinity, and branch content were determined for HDPE, LLDPE, and their blends. The DMA data prove the resulting dependences. The reported findings allow one to understand and predict mechanical properties in the HDPE–LLDPE systems at subzero temperatures.

scholarly journals The Structure and Mechanical Properties of Hemp Fibers-Reinforced Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Composites Modified by Electron Beam Irradiation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 5317
Author(s):  
Rafał Malinowski ◽  
Aneta Raszkowska-Kaczor ◽  
Krzysztof Moraczewski ◽  
Wojciech Głuszewski ◽  
Volodymyr Krasinskyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Electron Radiation ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Hemp Fibers

The need for the development of new biodegradable materials and modification of the properties the current ones possess has essentially increased in recent years. The aim of this study was the comparison of changes occurring in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) due to its modification by high-energy electron beam derived from a linear electron accelerator, as well as the addition of natural fibers in the form of cut hemp fibers. Changes to the fibers structure in the obtained composites and the geometrical surface structure of sample fractures with the use of scanning electron microscopy were investigated. Moreover, the mechanical properties were examined, including tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural modulus and impact strength of the modified PCL. It was found that PCL, modified with hemp fibers and/or electron radiation, exhibited enhanced flexural modulus but the elongation at break and impact strength decreased. Depending on the electron radiation dose and the hemp fibers content, tensile strength decreased or increased. It was also found that hemp fibers caused greater changes to the mechanical properties of PCL than electron radiation. The prepared composites exhibited uniform distribution of the dispersed phase in the polymer matrix and adequate adhesion at the interface between the two components.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Bio-Phenolic/Epoxy Polymer Blends

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 773
Author(s):  
Ahmad Safwan Ismail ◽  
Mohammad Jawaid ◽  
Norul Hisham Hamid ◽  
Ridwan Yahaya ◽  
Azman Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Phase Separation ◽  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Epoxy Polymer ◽  
Flexural Modulus ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Comparison Results ◽  
Unique Material ◽  
Different Types

Polymer blends is a well-established and suitable method to produced new polymeric materials as compared to synthesis of a new polymer. The combination of two different types of polymers will produce a new and unique material, which has the attribute of both polymers. The aim of this work is to analyze mechanical and morphological properties of bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends to find the best formulation for future study. Bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends were fabricated using the hand lay-up method at different loading of bio-phenolic (5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, 20 wt%, and 25 wt%) in the epoxy matrix whereas neat bio-phenolic and epoxy samples were also fabricated for comparison. Results indicated that mechanical properties were improved for bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends compared to neat epoxy and phenolic. In addition, there is no sign of phase separation in polymer blends. The highest tensile, flexural, and impact strength was shown by P-20(biophenolic-20 wt% and Epoxy-80 wt%) whereas P-25 (biophenolic-25 wt% and Epoxy-75 wt%) has the highest tensile and flexural modulus. Based on the finding, it is concluded that P-20 shows better overall mechanical properties among the polymer blends. Based on this finding, the bio-phenolic/epoxy blend with 20 wt% will be used for further study on flax-reinforced bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blends.

scholarly journals Mechanical, Thermal and Rheological Properties of Polyethylene-Based Composites Filled with Micrometric Aluminum Powder

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1242
Author(s):  
Olga Mysiukiewicz ◽  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
Mateusz Barczewski ◽  
Aleksander Hejna
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Melt Flow Index ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Metal Composites ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Properties Of Composites

Investigations related to polymer/metal composites are often limited to the analysis of the electrical and thermal conductivity of the materials. The presented study aims to analyze the impact of aluminum (Al) filler content (from 1 to 20 wt%) on the rarely investigated properties of composites based on the high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. The crystalline structure, rheological (melt flow index and oscillatory rheometry), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry), as well as static (tensile tests, hardness, rebound resilience) and dynamic (dynamical mechanical analysis) mechanical properties of composites were investigated. The incorporation of 1 and 2 wt% of aluminum filler resulted in small enhancements of mechanical properties, while loadings of 5 and 10 wt% provided materials with a similar performance to neat HDPE. Such results were supported by the lack of disturbances in the rheological behavior of composites. The presented results indicate that a significant content of aluminum filler may be introduced into the HDPE matrix without additional pre-treatment and does not cause the deterioration of composites’ performance, which should be considered beneficial when engineering PE/metal composites.

Effects of Steam Heat and Dry Heat Sterilization on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Nylon and Policarbonate in Fabrication with Fused Filament

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 ◽  
pp. 150-163
Author(s):  
Jorge Mauricio Fuentes ◽  
Omar Flor Unda ◽  
Santiago Ferrandiz ◽  
Franyelit Suarez
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermal Tests ◽  
Dry Heat ◽  
Izod Impact ◽  
Steam Heat

In this article presents evidence about performance of mechanical properties of polycarbonate and nylon materials, which are used in the additive manufacturing by deposition of molten material and that have been subjected to sterilization processes by moist heat at 121°C and dry heat at 140°C. This study provides useful information to consider the use of these materials in sanitary and sterile settings. Mechanical tests of tensile, flex, hardness, Izod impact, thermal tests in Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC, Thermomechanical analysis TMA and Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM were performed. It is concluded that the mechanical and thermal properties have not been altered through the effect of temperature in sterilization processes.

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