scholarly journals Radiation dose and cancer risk estimates in helical CT for pulmonary tuberculosis infections

Open Physics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 769-776
Author(s):  
Bamise Adeleye ◽  
Naven Chetty
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽  
Helical Ct ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Beir Vii ◽  
Scan Protocol

AbstractThe preference for computed tomography (CT) for the clinical assessment of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) infections has increased the concern about the potential risk of cancer in exposed patients. In this study, we investigated the correlation between cancer risk and radiation doses from different CT scanners, assuming an equivalent scan protocol. Radiation doses from three 16-slice units were estimated using the CT-Expo dosimetry software version 2.4 and standard CT scan protocol for patients with suspected PTB infections. The lifetime risk of cancer for each scanner was determined using the methodology outlined in the BEIR VII report. Organ doses were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the scanners. The calculated effective dose for scanner H2 is 34% and 37% higher than scanners H3 and H1 respectively. A high and statistically significant correlation was observed between estimated lifetime cancer risk for both male (r2 = 0.943, P < 0.05) and female patients (r2 = 0.989, P < 0.05). The risk variation between the scanners was slightly higher than 2% for all ages but was much smaller for specific ages for male and female patients (0.2% and 0.7%, respectively). These variations provide an indication that the use of a scanner optimizing protocol is imperative.

scholarly journals Multipathway risk assessment of trihalomethane exposure in drinking water of Lebanon

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Semerjian ◽  
John Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Dermal Absorption ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Oral Ingestion ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Total Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The toxicological risks and lifetime cancer risks of trihalomethanes through oral ingestion, dermal absorption, and inhalation exposure from tap water in selected regions in Lebanon are estimated. Existing trihalomethane concentrations do not pose any non-carcinogenic and developmental risks in the exposed population via oral ingestion. Among the three pathways, residents have a higher risk of cancer through oral ingestion than through the other two pathways. The lifetime cancer risk through oral ingestion for dibromochloromethane makes the highest contribution to total risks, followed by bromodichloromethane, bromoform, and chloroform. The total multipathway cancer risk analysis suggests that no cancer risks exist during the summer and winter seasons; however, in the spring the total cancer risks exceeds the USEPA acceptable level of 10−6 by a factor of 10.7.

scholarly journals Radiation Organ Doses and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due to Exposure to Gamma Radiation from Two Cement Industries in Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
M. Onwuka ◽  
C. P. Ononugbo ◽  
G. O. Avwiri
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Organ Dose ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Nuclear Radiation ◽  
Gis Mapping ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
The Mean

A study of background ionizing radiation (BIR) levels to estimate organ dose rates and excess lifetime cancer risk in Unicem cement producing company, Calabar, Cross River state and Bua cement producing company, Okpella in Edo state have been carried out using Digilert 100 and Radalert-200 nuclear radiation monitor and a geographical positioning system (GPS) for GIS mapping of the area. The in-situ measurement of the exposure rate was between May, 2018 and June, 2019 at regular intervals. The average exposure rate of 0.023 mRh-1 was measured at Unicem, Calabar and 0.027 mRh-1 at Bua cement area, Okpella. The mean equivalent doses of 1.92 mSvy-1 and 2.29 mSvy-1 was recorded in Unicem and Bua Okpella respectively. The estimated mean outdoor absorbed dose rate value of 196.74 nGyh-1 in Unicem and its environment while in Bua cement industry, Okpella, the value of 234.9 nGyh-1 was obtained. The mean annual effective dose calculated was 0.24 and 0.29 mSvy-1 for Unicem and Bua Okpella respectively. The mean excess life time cancer risk recorded in the areas 0.72 x10-3 in Unicem area and 1.01 x10-3 in Bua cement environment. The calculated dose to organs showed that the testes have the highest organ dose of 0.74 mSvy-1 and 0.83 mSvy-1 for Unicem and Bua Okpella areas respectively while the liver has the lowest organ dose of 0.08 mSvy-1 and 0.11 mSvy-1 for Unicem and Bua Okpella respectively. This study revealed that the exposure rate and all the radiological risk parameters exceeded their recommended safe values. The area of study is radiologically polluted and may be detrimental to human health for long term exposure.

scholarly journals Thoracic Organ Doses and Cancer Risk from Low Pitch Helical 4-Dimensional Computed Tomography Scans

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Chengwen Yang ◽  
Ransheng Liu ◽  
Xin Ming ◽  
Ningbo Liu ◽  
Yong Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Organs At Risk ◽  
Organ Dose ◽  
Effective Diameter ◽  
Average Dose ◽  
Monte Carlo Code ◽  
Organ Doses ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Purpose. To investigate the dose depositions to organs at risk (OARs) and associated cancer risk in cancer patients scanned with 4-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) as compared with conventional 3DCT. Methods and Materials. The radiotherapy treatment planning CT image and structure sets of 102 patients were converted to CT phantoms. The effective diameters of those patients were computed. Thoracic scan protocols in 4DCT and 3DCT were simulated and verified with a validated Monte Carlo code. The doses to OARs (heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, spinal cord, and skin) were calculated and their correlations with patient effective diameter were investigated. The associated cancer risk was calculated using the published models in BEIR VII reports. Results. The average of mean dose to thoracic organs was in the range of 7.82-11.84 cGy per 4DCT scan and 0.64-0.85 cGy per 3DCT scan. The average dose delivered per 4DCT scan was 12.8-fold higher than that of 3DCT scan. The organ dose was linearly decreased as the function of patients’ effective diameter. The ranges of intercept and slope of the linear function were 17.17-30.95 and -0.0278--0.0576 among patients’ 4DCT scans, and 1.63-2.43 and -0.003--0.0045 among patients’ 3DCT scans. Relative risk of cancer increased (with a ratio of 15.68:1) resulting from 4DCT scans as compared to 3DCT scans. Conclusions. As compared to 3DCT, 4DCT scans deliver more organ doses, especially for pediatric patients. Substantial increase in lung cancer risk is associated with higher radiation dose from 4DCT and smaller patients’ size as well as younger age.

Cancer risk incidence from hypothetical accident of VVER-1000 nuclear power plant based on BEIR VII model

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-218
Author(s):  
Mir Rashid Hosseini Aghdam ◽  
Hamid Reza Baghani ◽  
Afsaneh Hosseini Aghdam
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Beir Vii

AbstractBackgroundSafety is a mandatory issue during the operation of a nuclear power plant. A nuclear reactor can have some atmospheric dispersion due to any errors in the safety system.PurposeThe aim of this study is to estimate the cancer risk incidence for different body organs due to accidentally released radionuclides from Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP).Materials and methodsThe assumed hypothesis was atmospheric dispersion of radionuclide into the environment due to the safety failure of BNPP. Total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) from radionuclide diffusion in the medium was calculated using HOTSPOT code at two different wind speeds. Finally, the risk of cancer incidence for different organs of male and female sex has been estimated by Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR) VII model.ResultsThe results showed that with increasing the exposure age and attained age, the risk of cancer incidence for different organs is decreased. The value of TEDE was increased at lower wind speed. The most probable organ for cancer incidence at different levels of TEDE in male and female sex was colon and bladder, respectively. On the other hand, prostate and uterus had the lowest radiation sensitivity and cancer risk incidence in male and female sex, respectively. Increasing the wind speed reduces the risk of cancer incidence for all of organs understudy.ConclusionBased on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the younger persons are more subject to the cancer risk incidence because of both the intrinsically greater radio-sensitivity of their organs and their longer remaining life expectancy during which a cancer may develop. The overall risk of cancer incidence as well as the site specific solid cancer incidence were highly dependent to the sex of exposed person, so that the female sex was more exposed to the cancer risk incidence at all of the irradiation levels understudy.

scholarly journals Exposure to Particulate PAHs on Potential Genotoxicity and Cancer Risk among School Children Living Near the Petrochemical Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2575
Author(s):  
Nor Ashikin Sopian ◽  
Juliana Jalaludin ◽  
Suhaili Abu Bakar ◽  
Titi Rahmawati Hamedon ◽  
Mohd Talib Latif
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Buccal Cells ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

This study aimed to assess the association of exposure to particle-bound (PM2.5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with potential genotoxicity and cancer risk among children living near the petrochemical industry and comparative populations in Malaysia. PM2.5 samples were collected using a low-volume sampler for 24 h at three primary schools located within 5 km of the industrial area and three comparative schools more than 20 km away from any industrial activity. A gas chromatography–mass spectrometer was used to determine the analysis of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs. A total of 205 children were randomly selected to assess the DNA damage in buccal cells, employing the comet assay. Total PAHs measured in exposed and comparative schools varied, respectively, from 61.60 to 64.64 ng m−3 and from 5.93 to 35.06 ng m−3. The PAH emission in exposed schools was contributed mainly by traffic and industrial emissions, dependent on the source apportionment. The 95th percentiles of the incremental lifetime cancer risk estimated using Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the inhalation risk for the exposed children and comparative populations was 2.22 × 10−6 and 2.95 × 10−7, respectively. The degree of DNA injury was substantially more severe among the exposed children relative to the comparative community. This study reveals that higher exposure to PAHs increases the risk of genotoxic effects and cancer among children.

scholarly journals Family history assessment significantly enhances delivery of precision medicine in the genomics era

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Bylstra ◽  
Weng Khong Lim ◽  
Sylvia Kam ◽  
Koei Wan Tham ◽  
R. Ryanne Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cancer Genes ◽  
Family History Information ◽  
Screening Programs ◽  
Family History Assessment ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Background Family history has traditionally been an essential part of clinical care to assess health risks. However, declining sequencing costs have precipitated a shift towards genomics-first approaches in population screening programs rendering the value of family history unknown. We evaluated the utility of incorporating family history information for genomic sequencing selection. Methods To ascertain the relationship between family histories on such population-level initiatives, we analysed whole genome sequences of 1750 research participants with no known pre-existing conditions, of which half received comprehensive family history assessment of up to four generations, focusing on 95 cancer genes. Results Amongst the 1750 participants, 866 (49.5%) had high-quality standardised family history available. Within this group, 73 (8.4%) participants had an increased family history risk of cancer (increased FH risk cohort) and 1 in 7 participants (n = 10/73) carried a clinically actionable variant inferring a sixfold increase compared with 1 in 47 participants (n = 17/793) assessed at average family history cancer risk (average FH risk cohort) (p = 0.00001) and a sevenfold increase compared to 1 in 52 participants (n = 17/884) where family history was not available (FH not available cohort) (p = 0.00001). The enrichment was further pronounced (up to 18-fold) when assessing only the 25 cancer genes in the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) Secondary Findings (SF) genes. Furthermore, 63 (7.3%) participants had an increased family history cancer risk in the absence of an apparent clinically actionable variant. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that the collection and analysis of comprehensive family history and genomic data are complementary and in combination can prioritise individuals for genomic analysis. Thus, family history remains a critical component of health risk assessment, providing important actionable data when implementing genomics screening programs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02791152. Retrospectively registered on May 31, 2016.

scholarly journals Risk of Cancer Following the Use of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) Contaminated Ranitidine Products: A Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Hong Jin Yoon ◽  
Jie-Hyun Kim ◽  
Gi Hyeon Seo ◽  
Hyojin Park
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Matched Cohort ◽  
Cancer Outcomes ◽  
H2 Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Carcinogenic Agent ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a known carcinogenic agent, was recently detected in some products of ranitidine. Several studies have investigated the detectability of NDMA, in drugs and their risks. However, only a few epidemiological studies have evaluated cancer risk from the use of such individual drugs. This study investigates the risk of cancer in ranitidine users. We conducted an observational population-based cohort study using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment databases, which contain information about the use of medicines in South Korea. The primary study cohort consisted of ranitidine users (n = 88,416). For controls, we enrolled users of famotidine, another H2-receptor antagonist in which no NDMA has been detected. A 4:1 matched cohort was constructed to compare cancer outcomes of the two groups. Our matched cohort comprised of 40,488 ranitidine users and 10,122 famotidine users. There was no statistical difference in the overall cancer risk between the ranitidine and famotidine groups (7.45% vs. 7.56%, HR 0.99, 95% CI 0.91–1.07, p = 0.716). Additionally, no significant differences were observed in the analysis of 11 single cancer outcomes. We found no evidence that exposure to NDMA through ranitidine increases the risk of cancer.

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