Tamil in the temples – Language and religious maintenance beyond the first generation

Multilingua ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirukshi Perera
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Growing Up ◽  
Hindu Temples

AbstractThis study builds on research into the influence of religion on migrant language maintenance in Australia. In the case of Sri Lankan Tamil Hindus, previous studies have found that religious devoutness has a positive influence on the maintenance of Tamil in the home domain. In the religious domain, an ideology which links the Tamil language to the Tamil Hindu (Saiva) religion works in favour of maintaining Tamil in temple spaces in Australia. However this language-religion ideology is challenged by observations that, for the second generation Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu migrants growing up in Australia, a shift to English and disengagement from the religion is occurring. Through interviews with the leaders of three Tamil Hindu temples, I investigate the roles of different languages in the temples and ask whether the temples are contributing to Tamil language maintenance in the religious domain for the second generation. This paper highlights some of the issues faced by temples in engaging young generations in their heritage language and religion; as well as ways that temples are adapting, in a Western setting, in order to establish the religion for the long-term.

“Talk in Tamil!” – Does Sri Lankan Tamil onward migration from Europe influence Tamil language maintenance in the UK?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (269) ◽  
pp. 123-149
Author(s):  
Lavanya Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Heritage Language ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Onward Migration ◽  
Migratory Patterns ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk

Abstract This article uses the “communicative repertoire” conceptual framework to investigate the evolving linguistic practices in the Sri Lankan Tamil (SLT) diaspora, looking specifically at how changing mobility patterns have had an influence on heritage language use. Drawing on fieldwork undertaken with 42 participants of diverse migration trajectories in London, the study finds that onward migration has important implications for Tamil language maintenance and use in the UK, and for the introduction of European languages into the community. It argues that Tamil practices can only be fully understood if we consider them within the context of participants' communicative repertoires. Further, the definition of Tamil needs to be expanded to include different varieties, registers and styles that have been shaped by onward migration. As the trend of multiple migrations is becoming increasingly common in globalization processes, studying the recent change in SLT migratory patterns is also crucial to gaining insight into the diversities and transnational links that exist within and across diaspora communities respectively.

scholarly journals “I’m kind of agnostic”

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Nirukshi Perera
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Hindu Temple ◽  
Migrant Youth ◽  
Belief Narratives ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Generation Migrant ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

Abstract Transplanting non-Western religions to Western nations results in first-generation migrant attempts to transmit faith in vastly different contexts. Especially as adolescents, second-generation migrants tackle mediating their personal religious beliefs in a society with diverse religions and ideologies as well as negotiating membership of their ethnoreligious community. This paper draws from an ethnography in a Tamil Hindu temple in Australia. I present Sri Lankan teenage migrants’ discourse from their faith classroom to elucidate processes of belief positioning. In working out their emergent, and provisional, faith identities, the students deploy mainly Tamil and English linguistic features in their belief narratives. Flexible languaging complements their “syncretic acts” – the practice of drawing on diverse ideologies and experiences (outside the boundaries of a particular religion) to form personalized beliefs. Translanguaging thus facilitates the expression of circumspect, nuanced, and non-traditional interpretations of their heritage religion. Understanding such processes of belief positioning can help societies and institutions to work towards migrant youth inclusion.

Language maintenance and language shift

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Rubino ◽  
Camilla Bettoni
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Language Shift ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
The Impact

Patterns of language use by Sicilians and Venetians living in Sydney are here presented with particular attention to the maintenance of Italian and Dialect under the impact of widespread shift to English. Data gathered by questionnaire self-reporting are analysed according to four main variables: domain, linguistic generation, gender and region of origin. Results suggest that the original Italian diglossia between the High and the Low languages is well maintained, as Italian occupies the more public, formal and regionally heterogeneous space in the community, and Dialect the more private, informal and homogeneous one. Among the subjects’ variables, generation predictably accounts for the greatest variation, as both languages are used most by the first generation and least by the second. However, the original diglossia holds well also among the second generation. With regard to gender and region of origin, it would seem that, compared to men, women maintain both languages slightly better, and that, compared to men and Sicilians respectively, both women and Venetians maintain slightly better the original diglossia. We conclude that the position of Italian, although more limited, seems somewhat more solid than that of Dialect, and suggest some reasons for it.

Long-term follow-up of second-generation everolimus-eluting stents versus first-generation sirolimus-eluting stents in acute myocardial infarction: three-year results of the XAMI trial

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1280-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sjoerd H. Hofma ◽  
Pieter C. Smits ◽  
Jan Brouwer ◽  
Matthijs A. Velders ◽  
Arnoud W.J. van ’t Hof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Long Term Follow Up

scholarly journals Tardive Dyskinesia and Akathasia: A Dopamine System Theory Clinical Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Tardive Dyskinesia ◽  
Dopamine Receptors ◽  
Clinical Review ◽  
Dopamine Agonists ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Dopamine System

Long term use of first generation anti-psychotics (FGAs) have been theorized in the formation of motion disorders Tardive Dyskinesia and Akathasia and due to the breakdown in the extra pyramidal system (EPS) located in the Basal Ganglia [1]. The second generation anti-psychotics (SGAs) were sourced to be the “treatment” of TD by blocking dopamine receptors with dopamine agonists of the D2-D5 receptors while also being seen as the genesis of AK. However, the blocking of the receptors in both motion disorders is a theory known as the dopamine blockage theory, despite the intermingle of other neurotransmitters such as Serotonin and Norepinephrine [2]

The Maintenance and Vitality of Hindi in the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-335
Author(s):  
Surendra Gambhir ◽  
Vijay Gambhir
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Language Maintenance ◽  
Capacity Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Development Opportunity ◽  
Educational Initiatives ◽  
First And Second Generation

This article examines the current status of Hindi in the United States, following Grin’s and Lo Bianco’s framework of language maintenance and revitalization, based on the principles of Capacity Development, Opportunity Creation, and Desire. It gives linguistic profiles of first-and second-generation speakers of Hindi and looks at the various community, state, federal, and educational initiatives that promote the use and learning of Hindi. A description of current opportunities and the desire to maintain and develop Hindi helps us understand steps needed to maintain and further vitalize Hindi as a heritage language in the United States.

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