Determining the least time required for measuring energy expenditure in premature neonates

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria E.L. Moreira ◽  
Alan A. Vieira ◽  
Fernanda V. Mendes Soares ◽  
Renata Bastos Lopes ◽  
Plinio Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Premature Neonates ◽  
Time Required

Energy expenditure in ill premature neonates

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Garza ◽  
Stephen B. Shew ◽  
Tamir H. Keshen ◽  
Alexander Dzakovic ◽  
Farook Jahoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Premature Neonates

Abstract 057: Towards an Optimal Exercise Strategy for Reversing Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness: Distinct Effects of Exercise Volume and Intensity

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Giovannetti ◽  
John Clarke ◽  
Gifferd Ko ◽  
Einat Shalev-Goldman ◽  
O’Neill Trevor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Allied Health Professionals ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Marked Variability ◽  
Habitual Exercise ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

Although a majority of adults increase cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; VO2 peak) in response to an increase in daily physical activity, the optimal exercise strategy for reversing low CRF is unknown. We performed a randomized, controlled trial designed to study the separate effects of habitual exercise differing in dose (energy expenditure, kcal/session) and intensity (relative to VO2max) on CRF. We randomly assigned sedentary, abdominally obese men and women to one of the following 4 conditions: 1) No-exercise control (C), 2) Low volume, low intensity exercise (LVLI: 180 [[female symbol]] and 300 [[male symbol]] kcal @ 50% VO2 peak), 3) High volume, low intensity exercise (HVLI: 360 [[female symbol]] and 600 [[male symbol]] kcal @ 50% VO2 peak), 4) High volume, high intensity (HVHI: 360 [[female symbol]] and 600 [[male symbol]] kcal @ 75% VO2 peak). All participants were required to exercise under supervision 5 times per week for 24 weeks. Adherence to exercise averaged 95% across groups. Exercise dose and intensity achieved was not different from that prescribed regardless of group. The minutes exercised per session were 30±7 in LVLI, 51±16 in HVLI and 36±11 in HVHI. A marked variability in CRF response to exercise was observed independent of group (Figure). Compared to controls, CRF increased within all exercise conditions (P<0.05). However, the CRF increase within the HVHI group (0.61±0.30L/min) was greater than both the HVLI (0.42±0.32L/min) and LVLI (0.26±0.28L/min) groups (P<0.05). Thus, despite matching exercise volume within the HVHI and HVLI groups, exercise at 75% of VO2peak was associated with a marked increase in CRF by compared to exercise at 50%. Given that the time required to achieve the energy expenditure within the HVHI group was 30% less than the HVLI group (36 vs 51 min), these findings have important implications for allied health professionals seeking options for prescribing exercise to improve a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality, cardiorespiratory fitness.

Application of 13CO2 measurements to the estimation of energy expenditure in goats

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sahlu ◽  
N. Jacquemet ◽  
H. Carneiro ◽  
S. P. Hart ◽  
P. D. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotopes ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Saliva Collection ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Free Ranging

The use and limitations of 13C stable isotopes as tracers in animal experimentation was investigated using 13C-labeled bicarbonate to estimate CO2 production and energetic requirement of free-ranging goats. Goats were fed wheat hay (Triticum aestivum; C3) or Old World Bluestem hay (Bothriochloa caucasica; C4; OWBS) ad libitum for 21 d. Parotid salivary ducts were cannulated for saliva collection. Isotopic bicarbonate (13C) was infused at a constant rate into the peritoneal cavity. In exp. 1, saliva samples were obtained at successive 2-h periods for 20 h to establish the time to achieve equilibrium. The half-life of bicarbonate was 2.9 h for animals consuming the wheat diet and 4.1 h (P < 0.06) for animals consuming OWBS diet. The time required to reach equilibrium was 12 h for animals on the wheat diet and 16 h for animals on OWBS diet. The error in the technique arising from animals consuming C3 vs. C4 species (which have different endogenous 13C contents) was studied in exp. 2. If species composition (C3 vs. C4) of the diet remains constant within 10%, the error is negligible. In exp. 3, estimation of CO2 production from continuous saliva samples had a lower coefficient of variation (6.3 vs. 10.0%) than measurements based on spot serum samples. Energy expenditure of goats in stalls consuming hay ad libitum was similar to that of ad-libitum-fed sheep at similar body weights. The 13C methodology appears to be a promising method for measuring energy expenditure of grazing animals. Key words: Energy requirement, stable isotopes, carbon dioxide, sodium bicarbonate

The Critical Point Drying Method Applied to Scanning Electron Microscopy of L-929 Cells

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
Charles TurnbiLL ◽  
Delbert E. Philpott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Scanning Electron

The advent of the scanning electron microscope (SCEM) has renewed interest in preparing specimens by avoiding the forces of surface tension. The present method of freeze drying by Boyde and Barger (1969) and Small and Marszalek (1969) does prevent surface tension but ice crystal formation and time required for pumping out the specimen to dryness has discouraged us. We believe an attractive alternative to freeze drying is the critical point method originated by Anderson (1951; for electron microscopy. He avoided surface tension effects during drying by first exchanging the specimen water with alcohol, amy L acetate and then with carbon dioxide. He then selected a specific temperature (36.5°C) and pressure (72 Atm.) at which carbon dioxide would pass from the liquid to the gaseous phase without the effect of surface tension This combination of temperature and, pressure is known as the "critical point" of the Liquid.

Search mode for rapid detection of virus particles

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 286-287
Author(s):  
O. E. Bradfute
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Search Mode ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Focus Image ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Rapid Switching

Electron microscopy is frequently used in preliminary diagnosis of plant virus diseases by surveying negatively stained preparations of crude extracts of leaf samples. A major limitation of this method is the time required to survey grids when the concentration of virus particles (VPs) is low. A rapid survey of grids for VPs is reported here; the method employs a low magnification, out-of-focus Search Mode similar to that used for low dose electron microscopy of radiation sensitive specimens. A higher magnification, in-focus Confirm Mode is used to photograph or confirm the detection of VPs. Setting up the Search Mode by obtaining an out-of-focus image of the specimen in diffraction (K. H. Downing and W. Chiu, private communications) and pre-aligning the image in Search Mode with the image in Confirm Mode facilitates rapid switching between Modes.

Microwaves: Application in Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-141
Author(s):  
Anthony S-Y Leong ◽  
David W Gove
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Tissue Fixation ◽  
Primary Method ◽  
Dipolar Molecules ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cryostat Sections

Microwaves (MW) are electromagnetic waves which are commonly generated at a frequency of 2.45 GHz. When dipolar molecules such as water, the polar side chains of proteins and other molecules with an uneven distribution of electrical charge are exposed to such non-ionizing radiation, they oscillate through 180° at a rate of 2,450 million cycles/s. This rapid kinetic movement results in accelerated chemical reactions and produces instantaneous heat. MWs have recently been applied to a wide range of procedures for light microscopy. MWs generated by domestic ovens have been used as a primary method of tissue fixation, it has been applied to the various stages of tissue processing as well as to a wide variety of staining procedures. This use of MWs has not only resulted in drastic reductions in the time required for tissue fixation, processing and staining, but have also produced better cytologic images in cryostat sections, and more importantly, have resulted in better preservation of cellular antigens.

A compendium of G-protein–coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure

2020 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 473-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Ceddia ◽  
Sheila Collins
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Beige Adipocytes ◽  
Nucleotide Regulation ◽  
Ucp1 Expression ◽  
Thermogenic Adipocytes ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Abstract With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand–receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.

Clinical Update: Functional Capacity Evaluations—An Update

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Welch
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Disability Evaluation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Submaximal Effort ◽  
Lack Of Sleep ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Specific Limitation

Abstract Functional capacity evaluations (FCEs) have become an important component of disability evaluation during the past 10 years to assess an individual's ability to perform the essential or specific functions of a job, both preplacement and during rehabilitation. Evaluating both job performance and physical ability is a complex assessment, and some practitioners are not yet certain that an FCE can achieve these goals. An FCE is useful only if it predicts job performance, and factors that should be assessed include overall performance; consistency of performance across similar areas of the FCE; consistency between observed behaviors during the FCE and limitations or abilities reported by the worker; objective changes (eg, blood pressure and pulse) that are appropriate relative to performance; external factors (illness, lack of sleep, or medication); and a coefficient of variation that can be measured and assessed. FCEs can identify specific movement patterns or weaknesses; measure improvement during rehabilitation; identify a specific limitation that is amenable to accommodation; and identify a worker who appears to be providing a submaximal effort. FCEs are less reliable at predicting injury risk; they cannot tell us much about endurance over a time period longer than the time required for the FCE; and the FCE may measure simple muscular functions when the job requires more complex ones.

Nasal CPAP Cuts Ventilator for Premature Neonates

2005 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
MITCHEL L. ZOLER
Keyword(s):  
Premature Neonates ◽  
Nasal Cpap
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