Comparison of Tanner staging of HIV-infected and uninfected girls at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku/Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ogochukwu N. Iloh ◽  
Kenechukwu K. Iloh ◽  
Agozie C. Ubesie ◽  
Ifeoma J. Emodi ◽  
Anthony N. Ikefuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tanner Staging ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Nigeria Teaching Hospital

AbstractBackground:A number of factors influence sexual maturation in adolescents, including chronic illnesses like HIV. Marshall and Tanner devised a method of classifying the adolescent based on the level of sexual maturation into five stages. This study compared the Tanner staging of HIV-infected and uninfected girls.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study of 100 HIV-infected girls aged 8–18 years and 100 uninfected counterparts matched for age and social class. Using standard photographs as a guide, stages of sexual maturation were determined according to the method proposed by Marshall and Tanner. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 20. p-values <0.05 were regarded as significant.Results:The study participants were aged 8–17 years. Fifty-five subjects compared to 39 controls were still in pre-pubertal breast developmental stages while 45 subjects (45%) compared to 61 controls (61%) have commenced breast development (p=0.024). Similarly, 52 subjects compared to 31 controls were in the pre-pubertal pubic hair developmental stages, while 48 subjects (48%) compared to 69 controls (69%) had commenced pubic hair development (p=0.003).Conclusions:Perinatal HIV infection affected the onset of pubic hair and breast development but did not significantly affect the attainment of sexual maturation.

SEXUAL MATURATION OF CHINESE BOYS IN HONG KONG

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-811
Author(s):  
K. S. Francis Chang ◽  
P. H. Ng ◽  
Marjorie M. M. C. Lee ◽  
S. J. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Socioeconomic Background ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
End Point ◽  
Axillary Hair ◽  
Probit Method

Sexual maturation of 3,658 Chinese school boys from 6 to 18 years of age was assessed by investigating four attributes associated with puberty, namely, growth of genitalia (penis), pubic hair, axillary hair, and change of voice. The first two attributes were rated on a 5-point scale (5 stages), and the last two attributes were just noted as having occurred or not. The children were divided into three socioeconomic groups based on multiple criteria comprising family educational level, occupation, income, and housing conditions. The probit method of biological assay with weighting scheme was employed to estimate the 30%, 50% (median age), and 70% end points and fiducial limits of the onset of development of the above-mentioned four attributes of boys in the three socioeconomic groups and of the total sample. In the case of genitalia and pubic hair, the same was done for the completion of development. The median ages (50% end point) of onset of development for genitalia, pubic hair, voice, and axillary hair of the total sample were 13.19 ± 0.19, 13.31 ± 0.21, 13.67 ± 0.43, and 14.57 ± 0.10 respectively. The median ages (50% end point) for the completion of genitalia and pubic hair development were the same, 16.47 ± 0.10. The estimated duration between the successive developmental stages of genitalia and pubic hair show the period between Stages 2 and 3 to be the shortest (genitalia, 0.55 year, pubic hair, 0.39), and longest in the period between Stage 4 and 5 (genitalia and pubic hair, 1.87). The estimated whole duration of pubescence from onset to completion was about 3.28 years. In temporal sequence of maturation, the development of genitalia and pubic hair was the first and practically simultaneous, followed by the change of voice (0.48 year after genitalia), and the last to develop was the axillary hair (0.9 year after change of voice). The effect of socioeconomic background was shown to be evident, the boys from well-circumstanced homes being significantly more advanced in development than those from poor homes. Comparison of our results with those of similar cross-sectional investigations on American and British boys show little difference in spite of race and clime.

scholarly journals References for Ultrasound Staging of Breast Maturation, Tanner Breast Staging, Pubic Hair, and Menarche in Norwegian Girls

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 1599-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingvild Særvold Bruserud ◽  
Mathieu Roelants ◽  
Ninnie Helén Bakken Oehme ◽  
Andre Madsen ◽  
Geir Egil Eide ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Cohen’S Kappa ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tanner Staging ◽  
Cohen's Kappa ◽  
Younger Age

Abstract Context Discriminating adipose and glandular tissue is challenging when clinically assessing breast development. Ultrasound facilitates staging of pubertal breast maturation (US B), but has not been systematically compared to Tanner breast (Tanner B) staging, and no normative data have been reported. Objective To present normative references for US B along with references for Tanner B, pubic hair (PH), and menarche. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional sample of 703 healthy girls aged 6 to 16 years were examined. Main Outcome Measures Breast development was determined with US B and Tanner B staging. Tanner PH and menarcheal status were recorded. The age distributions of entry in US B, Tanner B, and PH stages and menarche were estimated with generalized linear and generalized additive models with a probit link. Method agreement was tested with weighted Cohen’s kappa. Results The median (±2SD) ages for thelarche, US B2 and Tanner B2, were 10.2 (7.7, 12.8) and 10.4 (8.0, 12.7) years. The median (±2SD) ages at Tanner PH2 and menarche were 10.9 (8.5, 13.3) and 12.7 (11.0, 16.2) years. Cohen’s kappa of agreement (95% confidence interval) between US B and Tanner B was 0.87 (0.85–0.88). When the methods disagreed, US B was usually more advanced. Conclusion Thelarche occurred at a slightly younger age when assessed with ultrasound compared to clinical Tanner staging, although the 2 methods had a very good agreement when determining pubertal breast maturation. A significant decrease of 2.8 months in age at menarche was observed during the past decade in Norwegian girls.

Age of pubertal events among school girls in Lagos, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Folakemi O. Irewole-Ojo ◽  
Idowu O. Senbanjo ◽  
Abiola O. Oduwole ◽  
Olisamedua F. Njokanma
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Social Class ◽  
School Girls ◽  
Hair Development

AbstractBackground:Globally, there is a secular trend towards the reduced age for sexual maturity and menarche. This study aimed to determine the current age and factors associated with attainment of various stages of puberty in Nigerian girls.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional study involving 800 girls aged 6–15 years. The subjects were selected by stratified random sampling method from schools in Oshodi Local Government Area, Lagos State. They were interviewed and a physical examination was carried out to classify them into the various Tanner stages of breast and pubic hair maturational stages.Results:The median age of girls at first stage of breast maturation (B2), first stage of pubic hair development (PH2) and at menarche were 9.0, 9.0 and 12.0 years, respectively. Breast development was significantly related to normal nutritional status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.5, p<0.001), overweight (AOR 40.2, p<0.001), obesity (AOR 154.2, p<0.001) and upper social class (AOR 15.7, p<0.031). Pubic hair development was significantly related only to overweight (AOR 4.7, p<0.007) and obesity (AOR 15.7, p<0.001) while achievement of menarche was significantly related to overweight (AOR 0.1, p=0.005), obesity (AOR 0.1, p=0.0009), high social class (AOR 4.7, p<0.001) and being a member of the Hausa tribe (AOR 35.8, p<0.029).Conclusions:There is decline in age of pubertal maturation of girls in Nigeria and the major contributory factors appear to be overweight and obesity. These findings are consistent with the pattern in developed countries.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN READINESS AND ANXIETY LEVEL IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS FACING MENARCHE IN PADEMAWU SUB-DISTRICT, PAMEKASAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Mega Widya Puspa Ningrum ◽  
Windhu Purnomo
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Elementary School Students ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Pubic Hair ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
Anxiety Level ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional

The signs of puberty in teenagers are including physical changes such as breast development (thelarche), pubic hair growth (pubarche) and armpits, menarche, and ovulation. Menstruation that occurs for the first time is known as menarche. Teenagers facing menarche require good preparation since anxiety and fear will likely appear. Anxiety that occurs makes teenagers experience selective attention that disrupts their concentration. Preliminary studies that have been conducted by researchers are known to have elementary school students who experience anxiety facing menarche in Pademawu (sub-district) as the subjects. This study aims to analyze the relationship between readiness and anxiety level of elementary school students facing menarche in Pademawu, Pamekasan (district). The quantitative cross-sectional study is a research design chosen by researchers. The number of research samples of 75 students was obtained through cluster random sampling. The clusters used as research samples are in different schools and the same sub-district. Multinomial logistic regression is a statistical test for analyzing data. The results of the study were 49.3 percent of students had sufficient knowledge about menarche. As many as 38.7 percents of students received family support about moderate menarche. Furthermore, 68 percent of students were not ready to face menarche, and 45.3 percent of students experienced moderate anxiety. In the statistical test results obtained a correlation value of 0.001. In this research, it is known that there is a relationship between readiness and anxiety level in dealing with menarche in elementary school students in Pademawu, Pamekasan. Family willingness and support are factors that influence respondents' anxiety in facing menarche. Parents are expected to be active in educating their daughters by providing information and motivation in dealing with menarche.

scholarly journals Balanced diet related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) among adolescent school girls in Noakhali district, Bangladesh: a cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Ghosh ◽  
Md Ruhul Kabir ◽  
Mohammad Rahanur Alam ◽  
Akibul Islam Chowdhury ◽  
Md Abdullah Al Mamun
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Government School ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
School Girls

AbstractObjectivesAdolescence, a crucial period for growth velocity including sexual maturation, is an important period of life and young adolescent girls need to have proper knowledge, positive attitudes and practice of balanced diet to achieve optimum growth and development. Considering its importance this study attempts to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of balanced diets among adolescent schoolgirls in Noakhali district, Bangladesh.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in three secondary schools in Noakhali district, Bangladesh. A multistage sampling techniques was used to select schools and study participants. A total of 485 adolescent school girls participated and a pre-designed, validated and structured questionnaire was used for data collection. In addition to descriptive statistics, chi-square test and logistic regression were employed for analysis.ResultsThe results from the study revealed that more than half of the students did not have good knowledge about a balanced diet, 42.8% had a positive attitude, whereas the practice of consuming a balanced diet was rather low (only 4.5%). Students studying in government schools had better knowledge and attitudes than non-government school students. Moreover, 41.1% of students were underweight; more than 60% of respondent’s mothers did not have an education higher than secondary school and were mostly unemployed housewives. Parent’s education, mother’s occupation, and types of school have a strong association with KAP; however, father’s education and occupation showed an association of varying degrees. Being knowledgeable was related to positive attitudes, and students with good knowledge had (OR: 1.828; 95% CI: 1.270–2.631) more likely to have positive attitudes towards a balanced diet.ConclusionsThus, proper knowledge about a balanced diet should be introduced with basic nutritional knowledge to all levels of public education. Interventions and programs can be designed to improve knowledge, attitude, and more specifically the practice at the household level so that adolescent girls can have a proper diet during their sexual maturation phase.

scholarly journals Attendance of psychosocial teen clubs and self-reported antiretroviral medication adherence: a cross section study of adolescents with perinatal HIV in the Kingdom of Lesotho

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-552
Author(s):  
Sphiwe Madiba ◽  
◽  
Ntaoleng Mohlabane
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Support ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Supportive Environment ◽  
Antiretroviral Medication ◽  
Perinatal Hiv ◽  
Antiretroviral Medication Adherence

<abstract><sec> <title>Background</title> <p>To address the problem of poor adherence among adolescents with perinatal HIV (PHIV), all clinics in Lesotho offer adolescent-friendly services and psychosocial support to improve their overall health outcomes and adherence. As a result, most adolescents with PHIV attend Teen Clubs as part of the package of youth-friendly HIV services. This study set out to determine whether attending Teen Clubs facilitates treatment adherence among adolescents with PHIV.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Methods</title> <p>In this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 130 adolescents aged 10–19 years who were aware of their HIV status and had attended three or more Teen Club sessions in selected clinics in rural district in Lesotho. Adherence was measured through self-report of last pills missed, based on the 7-days recall of pills taken. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Results</title> <p>The median age of adolescents was 15 years, 56% were female, 37.7% were orphans, 41% were being cared for by their grandparents, 6.9% were living with siblings with no adult figure, and two were living on their own. The majority (93%) reported optimal adherence, 92% had not missed a clinic appointment in the past 30 days, and 74.4% knew that if they skipped doses, the viral load would increase and they would get sick. Over half (56%) had been reminded by their caregivers to take their medication and 96% talked to their caregivers regularly about their medication.</p> </sec><sec> <title>Conclusion</title> <p>A supportive environment provided through the Teen Clubs and in the home were the main facilitators for adherence. Strategies to improve adherence among adolescents should consider the importance of the involvement of caregivers in the adolescents' visits to their clinic.</p> </sec></abstract>

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes and quality of life of caregivers towards asthma in their children: a Nigerian perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosisochi Chinwendu Amorha ◽  
Ebere Emilia Ayogu ◽  
Blessing Adaora Ngwoke ◽  
Eleje Oboma Okonta
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Asthma Knowledge ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Nigeria Teaching Hospital ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Introduction: The burden of uncontrolled asthma is high and caregivers can offer support in the management of asthma. Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and quality of life (QoL) of caregivers toward asthma in their children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Paediatric Respiratory Unit of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu State (July 2017-September 2017). We utilized a 46-item questionnaire comprising knowledge and attitude domains and the 13-item Pediatric Asthma Caregiver’s QoL Questionnaire (PACQLQ). Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Version 25.0. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Fifty-one caregivers participated in the study. More than half (n = 36, 70.6%) of the caregivers were 40 years old and above, female (n = 37, 72.5%), graduates from higher institutions (n = 33, 64.7%), and self-employed (n = 27, 52.9%). About a quarter (n = 13, 25.5%) had a family history of asthma and a similar proportion (n = 14, 27.5%) knew the three main symptoms of asthma. Conclusion: Less than half (n = 24, 47.1%) of the caregivers had good asthma knowledge. Dust (n = 35, 68.6%) and smoke (n = 31, 60.8%) were identified as the most common asthma triggers in their children. The majority of the caregivers (n = 41, 80.3%) agreed that most people can have well-controlled asthma without seeing a doctor regularly. Overall, less than half of the caregivers (n = 24, 47.1%) showed positive attitudes toward their children’s asthma. The overall score for the PACQLQ was 3.91 (0.98) which implied a poor QoL. The caregivers had both impaired activity and emotional function from managing asthma in their children. More female caregivers had better knowledge about asthma than their male counterparts (t = −3.178; df = 49; p = 0.003). Less than half of the caregivers had good asthma knowledge and positive attitudes toward asthma in their children. They had an impaired QoL from managing asthma in their children.

scholarly journals Retention in HIV Care among Children Aged 0-14 Years and the Associated Family and Caregiver Factors in Embu County, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 293-302
Author(s):  
Ikiara, Eliza Kathure ◽  
Orinda, George Owino ◽  
Thigiti, Joseph Mwangi
Keyword(s):  
Retention In Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Retention In Hiv Care ◽  
The Family ◽  
Associated Family

Background: Retention of children in HIV care is influenced by a number of factors, among them family and caregiver factors. Objective: To determine the family and caregiver factors associated with retention in care. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study in level 4 and 5 hospitals in Embu county. Data were collected through interviews using a predesigned questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential data analysis was performed. Results: We enrolled 238 participants between January and April 2018, comprising 143 males (50.5%) and 140 females (49.5%). The median age of the participants was 12 years (IQR 5). Two thirds of the minors were in primary school (192, 67.8%). More of the children’s mothers were HIV positive compared to the fathers (257 vs 99) though a greater number of the fathers had an unknown HIV status compared to the mothers (138 vs 21). Most minors (241, 85.2%) were retained in care throughout having never missed an appointment. The number of siblings alive (aOR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.92), siblings with HIV (aOR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.68), a HIV positive caregiver (aOR 5.48, 95% CI: 2.44, 12.97), stigma (aOR 0.35, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.77), work duties of the caregiver (aOR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13, 0.58) and denial of HIV status by the caregiver (aOR 0.10, 95% CI 0.02, 0.47) were all associated with retention in HIV care. Conclusion: A HIV positive caregiver was most likely to ensure a child is retained in care. Stigma and denial of HIV status still hinder retention. Key words: Retention, HIV, children, caregiver.

scholarly journals Relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in children

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248023
Author(s):  
Carlos Berlanga-Macías ◽  
Mairena Sánchez-López ◽  
Montserrat Solera-Martínez ◽  
Ana Díez-Fernández ◽  
Inmaculada Ballesteros-Yáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Objective A positive relationship between breastfeeding and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in infants has been suggested due to the presence of BDNF in human milk. This study aimed to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and BDNF serum levels in Spanish schoolchildren. Methods A cross-sectional analysis including 202 schoolchildren, aged eight to 11 years, from Cuenca, Spain, was conducted. Information on sociodemographic and anthropometric variables, sexual maturation, birth weight and exclusive breastfeeding (‘no exclusive breastfeeding’, and exclusive breastfeeding for ≤6 and >6 months), and BDNF serum levels using an ELISA method were obtained. Covariance analyses (ANCOVA) were conducted to examine the relationship between serological BDNF and exclusive breastfeeding after controlling for potential confounders. Results ANCOVA models showed no significant differences in BDNF levels between children who were exclusively breastfed for more than six months versus those who were not (p > 0.05). No significant differences were observed by age group (eight to nine years versus 10 to 11 years; p > 0.05). Additionally, no clear negative trend in BDNF serum levels according to sexual maturation categories was found (p > 0.05). Conclusion These findings suggest that exclusive breastfeeding does not have a significant positive association on BDNF from eight to 11 years, since children who were exclusively breastfed did not have significantly higher BDNF levels than those who were not exclusively breastfed. Likewise, BDNF levels were not found to be negatively affected by hormonal development. Future research should examine the influence of exclusive breastfeeding on BDNF over the different developmental stages.

scholarly journals Assessing Endogenous and Exogenous Hormone Exposures and Breast Development in a Migrant Study of Bangladeshi and British Girls

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1185
Author(s):  
Renata E. Howland ◽  
Nicole C. Deziel ◽  
Gillian R. Bentley ◽  
Mark Booth ◽  
Osul A. Choudhury ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Breast Development ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Endogenous Estrogen ◽  
Bangladeshi Migrants ◽  
The Uk

Timing of breast development (or thelarche) and its endogenous and exogenous determinants may underlie global variation in breast cancer incidence. The study objectives were to characterize endogenous estrogen levels and bisphenol A (BPA) exposure using a migrant study of adolescent girls and test whether concentrations explained differences in thelarche by birthplace and growth environment. Estrogen metabolites (EM) and BPA-glucuronide (BPA-G) were quantified in urine spot samples using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) from a cross-sectional study of Bangladeshi, first- and second-generation Bangladeshi migrants to the UK, and white British girls aged 5–16 years (n = 348). Thelarche status at the time of interview was self-reported and defined equivalent to Tanner Stage ≥2. We compared geometric means (and 95% confidence interval (CIs)) of EM and BPA-G using linear regression and assessed whether EM and BPA-G explained any of the association between exposure to the UK and the age at thelarche using hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Average EM decreased with exposure to the UK, whereas BPA-G increased and was significantly higher among white British (0.007 ng/mL, 95% CI: 0.0024–0.0217) and second-generation British-Bangladeshi girls (0.009 ng/mL, 95% CI: 0.0040–0.0187) compared to Bangladeshi girls (0.002 ng/mL, 95% CI: 0.0018–0.0034). Two of four EM ratios (16-pathway/parent and parent/all pathways) were significantly associated with thelarche. The relationship between exposure to the UK and thelarche did not change appreciably after adding EM and BPA-G to the models. While BPA-G is often considered a ubiquitous exposure, our findings suggest it can vary based on birthplace and growth environment, with increasing levels for girls who were born in or moved to the UK. Our study did not provide statistically significant evidence that BPA-G or EM concentrations explained earlier thelarche among girls who were born or raised in the UK.

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