Transition from Equality to the Hierarchical Social Structure and Urban Form in the Early Islamic Cities

Der Islam ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Karimian
Author(s):  
Carlos Gonçalves

This chapter aims to discuss concepts and methods to measure the landscape resilience of urban systems and test the indicators framework in the Portuguese regional context. The objective is to measure the performance and the direction of the urban changes in different phenomena, as well as to evaluate the level of urban systems preparation for a desired and undesired change adaptability. The approach to these issues is analyzed in the literature, dividing the aforementioned analysis into the resilience of the economic base, of the social structure, and of the urban form. In brief, the chapter meets three objectives: firstly, defining the framework of principles more commonly associated with urban resilience; secondly, providing a selection of indicators that embodies the different proposals of measurement; and thirdly, applying the indicator matrix to two Portuguese case studies (Caldas da Rainha and Évora urban systems).


Author(s):  
Li Xiujie ◽  
Fu Hongpeng ◽  
Yang Meng

The social structure and physical form of the state-owned farm in north-east China Xiujie Li, Hongpeng Fu, Meng Yang College of Urban and Environmental Sciences. Peking University. Beijing. China. 100871 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]   Keywords: state-owned farm, policy, social structure, physical form, urban morphology Conference topics and scale: Urban form and social use of space   State-owned farms in north-east China are numerous and large in size. They have played an important role in the reclamation and guarding of the frontier in China.  Their physical form is sensitive to government policy. Following the historical development of a particular farm, an examination is made of how its social structure and physical form have been influenced by the policies of different periods. The development process has experienced three stages since this farm’s founding. There has been a change from ‘farmers farming together on the land which belongs to the whole farm’ to ‘farmers farming together on the land which belongs to the companies of the farm’, and then ‘farmers farming severally on the land’.  The physical form of the farm has been influenced by the policies in different historical periods. Important aspects of these policies include industrial structure, population structure, land ownership, and town and country planning. This study provides a basis for future urban morphological research.   References Conzen, M.R.G. (2011) Alnwick, Northumberland: a study in town-plan analysis (China Architecture & Building Press, China) Bray, D. (2005) Social space and governance in urban China (Stanford University Press, Stanford) 


1957 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 297-298
Author(s):  
HOWARD BAUMGARTEL

1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 536-537
Author(s):  
Frank E. Millar
Keyword(s):  

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