How to do things with images: the editor, the cartoonist, and the reader

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-108
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdel-Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Visual Speech ◽  
Political Cartoons ◽  
Editorial Decision ◽  
Intercultural Pragmatics ◽  
Political Cartooning ◽  
Context Models ◽  
Is Failure

AbstractDepending on context: to depict soaring prices as fires is to perform the act of complaining; to portray the perpetrator of a sex crime as a wolf is to accomplish the action of condemning; to draw the ship of state sailing toward catastrophe is simultaneously to perform the action of warning and to issue a prediction; etc. It follows that, if political cartooning is action, then having a cartoon spiked is failure to act. The discussion of silenced speech acts cannot fail to have already been noticed by other scholars. Yet, so far little attention has been paid to this phenomenon, especially in multimodal and intercultural pragmatics. Apart from substantiating the claim that it makes sense to study speech acts in political cartoons, this article investigates the situational factors that may affect the editorial decision-making of a given newspaper. Using a corpus of selected American, British, Egyptian, and Jordanian cartoons, it is argued that the appropriateness conditions of (verbo) visual speech acts (and of discourse generally) depend on the context models of the participants (cartoonists/viewers).

Conceptual blending and (im)politeness in political cartooning

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Abdel-Raheem
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Political Cartoons ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
Multimodal Discourse ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Discourse Studies ◽  
Discourse Studies ◽  
Political Cartooning ◽  
Context Models

Abstract This paper is meant to give an account of multimodal (im)politeness in political cartoons, drawing primarily on critical discourse studies (CDS) (in particular, Teun van Dijk’s notion of “context models” and Paul Chilton’s concept of “critical discourse moments”), blending theory (Fauconnier and Turner 2002), and speech act theory (especially Geoffrey Leech’s most recent revisions of Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson’s notions of negative and positive face). There is of course an abundant literature on blending theory, but the potential of this theory for analysing face-enhancing or face-threatening multimodal discourse has not been fully realised. It is shown that political cartoons can exemplify not only face attack but also face enhancement, and that blending theory can contribute to the comprehending and critique of sociopolitical action or linguistic and nonlinguistic forms of control that may operate in the world. The article thus demonstrates the value that results from merging critical cognitive linguistics and sociopragmatics.

scholarly journals Influence of Affective, Cognitive and Situational Factors on Decision-Making in the Negotiations (on the Example of “Prisoners’ Dilemma”)

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
M.R. Khachaturova ◽  
Zh.E. Fedotova
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Psychological Training ◽  
Prisoners Dilemma ◽  
Cooperation Strategy ◽  
Practical Recommendations

We present the results of testing the hypothesis about the influence of affective, cognitive and situational factors on decision-making. We describe an experiment in which the process of negotiating was modeled with the help of “Prisoners’ Dilemma” game theory. The study involved 150 subjects, 86 women and 64 men, mean age was 20.6 years. The results showed that positive emotions increase the likelihood of a decision in favor of a strategy of cooperation. With negative emotions, the opponents tend to choose a strategy of confrontation. In forming the effect of the disposition, aimed at the choice of cooperation strategy, the likelihood of a decision-making in accordance with this disposition increases. If time is short, the opponent chooses a strategy of confrontation. On the basis of these results a number of practical recommendations and a program of psychological training can be formulated.

Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Pragmatics

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Istvan Kecskes
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Communicative Process ◽  
First Languages ◽  
Intercultural Pragmatics ◽  
Intercultural Interactions ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Cultural Pragmatics

This chapter discusses the differences between cross-cultural and intercultural pragmatics. While cross-cultural pragmatics compares different cultures, based on the investigation of certain aspects of language use, such as speech acts, behaviour patterns, and language behaviour, intercultural pragmatics focuses on intercultural interactions and investigates the nature of the communicative process among people from different cultures, speaking different first languages. Cross-cultural pragmatics analyses the differences and similarities in the language behaviour of people representing different languages and cultures. Intercultural pragmatics, however—a relatively new discipline—is interested in what happens when representatives of different first languages and cultures communicate using a common language.

Examining Ethical Decision Making Behavior in E-Learning Systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-56
Author(s):  
Richelle L. Oakley ◽  
Rahul Singh
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Ethical Decision ◽  
Ethical Decision Making ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Decision Making Behavior

E-Learning has proliferated throughout the education sector in recent years. Unfortunately, an unintended and undesirable aspect of e-Learning is centered on unethical behavior exhibited by students engaged in technology-facilitated cheating. Interestingly, cheating in e-Learning systems occurs in the social context of the class. Using results from a qualitative field study, the authors investigate the socio-technical dimensions of ethical decision-making in e-Learning systems focusing on individual and situational factors. They developed propositions and provide an in-depth discussion of identified factors. Their findings provide the basis for researchers to develop testable propositions for further empirical investigations and provide insight for educators dealing with the unique challenges of the socio-technical dimensions of ethical behavior in e-Learning systems.

scholarly journals Human decision-making biases in the moral dilemmas of autonomous vehicles

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darius-Aurel Frank ◽  
Polymeros Chrysochou ◽  
Panagiotis Mitkidis ◽  
Dan Ariely
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Moral Code ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
Human Decision

Abstract The development of artificial intelligence has led researchers to study the ethical principles that should guide machine behavior. The challenge in building machine morality based on people’s moral decisions, however, is accounting for the biases in human moral decision-making. In seven studies, this paper investigates how people’s personal perspectives and decision-making modes affect their decisions in the moral dilemmas faced by autonomous vehicles. Moreover, it determines the variations in people’s moral decisions that can be attributed to the situational factors of the dilemmas. The reported studies demonstrate that people’s moral decisions, regardless of the presented dilemma, are biased by their decision-making mode and personal perspective. Under intuitive moral decisions, participants shift more towards a deontological doctrine by sacrificing the passenger instead of the pedestrian. In addition, once the personal perspective is made salient participants preserve the lives of that perspective, i.e. the passenger shifts towards sacrificing the pedestrian, and vice versa. These biases in people’s moral decisions underline the social challenge in the design of a universal moral code for autonomous vehicles. We discuss the implications of our findings and provide directions for future research.

scholarly journals Situational Variations in Request and Apology Realization Strategies among International Postgraduate Students at Malaysian Universities

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paramasivam Muthusamy ◽  
Atieh Farashaiyan
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Written Discourse ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Completion Task ◽  
Data Collection Procedure

<p>The present study attempted to describe the request, apology, and request mitigation strategies utilized by international postgraduate students in confronting different situations. In addition, it examined the effects of the situational factors of social distance, power, and imposition on the students’ choice of request and apology strategies as well as the modifications in requests. Another objective has been to categorize the difficulties students face in the production of the speech acts. One hundred and thirty international postgraduate students majoring in different fields voluntarily participated in this study. A Written Discourse Completion Task Questionnaire (Liu, 2005) and semi-structured interview were utilized for data collection procedure. The results of the questionnaire illustrated that the participants made use of IFID strategy for apologies and conventionally indirect expressions (Preparatory questions) for requests more frequently than other strategies. Moreover, the situational factors of social distance, power and imposition did not affect the participants’ choice of request and apology strategies but they had some influences on the use of mitigating strategies in different situations. Regarding modifiers, the students opted out external modifications (66.6%) more than internal modifiers (33.3%). Among the external mitigation types, “please” with 21% and grounders with 25% respectively have been utilized more than other external mitigation types. Finally, the results of the interviews indicated that the difficulties that students face in the production of the speech acts were grammar, expression, vocabulary and structure. This study has some implications for second language acquisition research and intercultural communication.</p>

Management of the difficult airway

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Mushambi ◽  
Rajesh Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Pregnant Woman ◽  
Difficult Airway ◽  
Cricoid Pressure ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
General Anaesthetic ◽  
Failed Intubation ◽  
Airway Equipment

Failed or difficult intubation is still a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The management of the airway in the pregnant patient requires careful consideration of anatomical and physiological changes, training issues, and situational factors. Despite significant improvements in monitoring and airway equipment, and a reduction in anaesthetic-related maternal mortality, the incidence of failed intubation in the pregnant woman in many units has remained between 1/250 and 1/300. This may result from many factors such as the reduction of the number of caesarean deliveries performed under general anaesthesia which has resulted in limited opportunities to teach airway skills in obstetrics, the increased incidence of obesity, and the rise in maternal age and associated co-morbidities. Improved training and careful planning and performance of a general anaesthetic (i.e. reducing the risk of aspiration; optimum pre-oxygenation, patient positioning, and application of cricoid pressure; and availability of appropriate airway equipment) have the potential to reduce airway-related morbidity and mortality in the pregnant woman. Simple bedside tests such as Mallampati scoring, thyromental distance, neck movement, and ability to protrude the mandible may help to predict a potential difficult airway, particularly when used in combination. Management of a predicted difficult airway requires early referral to the anaesthetists, formulation of an airway management strategy, and involvement of the multidisciplinary team in decision-making. Fibreoptic equipment and skills should be readily available when required. Management of the unpredicted difficult airway should make maintenance of maternal and fetal oxygenation the primary goal. Decision-making during a failed intubation on whether to proceed or wake the patient should involve the obstetrician and ideally be planned in advance. The periods during extubation and recovery are high risk and require preparation and planning in advance.

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