Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Epidemiology, assessment, and treatment among children, adolescents, and adults

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Yozwiak
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

scholarly journals Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder medication use: factors involved in prescribing, safety aspects and outcomes

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Martinez-Raga ◽  
Amparo Ferreros ◽  
Carlos Knecht ◽  
Raquel de Alvaro ◽  
Eloisa Carabal
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Treatment Provision ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Adhd Medications

While treatment of patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is based on a multimodal approach that combines medication with specific psychological interventions, pharmacotherapy alone is generally considered an essential and cost-effective element. This paper aims to comprehensively and critically review factors involved in prescribing and medication use in individuals diagnosed with ADHD, focusing on the difficulties facing patients with ADHD seeking treatment, as well as the safety and tolerability aspects of ADHD pharmacotherapies, with particular attention on the cardiovascular adverse events and the potential risk of misuse or diversion of ADHD medications. A comprehensive and systematic literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE database was conducted to identify studies published in peer-reviewed journals until 1 August 2016. Children, adolescents and adults often encounter significant difficulties in the process of accessing specialist assessment and treatment for ADHD as a consequence of disparities in service organization and available treatment provision. Despite the well-established efficacy and overall safety profile, ADHD medications are not exempt from adverse events. The cardiovascular safety of pharmacotherapies used for treating individuals with ADHD has raised particular concerns; however there is little evidence of serious cardiovascular adverse events, including no serious corrected QT (QTc) abnormalities associated with stimulants, atomoxetine or α2-adrenergic receptor agonists. Although the abuse of prescription stimulant drugs, particularly, short-acting stimulants is a prevalent and growing problem, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants within the clinical context is very limited. In addition, nonstimulant ADHD medications lack any reinforcing effects and consequently any abuse potential.

Forty years of methylphenidate treatment in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 17-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. K. Conners
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Stimulant Treatment ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Subject Selection ◽  
Methodological Rigor ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Core Symptoms

This paper reviews approximately 40 years of stimulant drug treatment of children with behavior and learning problems. These patients generally fall under the rubric of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), with core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention being the most studied and most robust of the targets for stimulant treatment. In addition, the drug effects on other targets, such as cognitive and academic function, are included. The largest selection of studies involves methylphenidate. Both qualitative studies and meta-analytic studies from major reviews are examined. Variations in the methodology of the reviews are described and some of the discrepancies in interpretation examined. Despite wide variations in subject selection, types of trials, degree of methodological rigor, and the decade in which the studies took place, the evidence is remarkably consistent. The overall results suggest significant clinical impact upon the core features of ADHD. More studies of long-term effects and special populations such as older adolescents and adults will be necessary, though existing evidence strongly supports similar findings as for the younger patients with a diagnosis of ADHD.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Evans ◽  
Julie S. Owens ◽  
W. John Monopoli ◽  
Kari Benson
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Effective Assessment

Youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder experience impairment across multiple domains of functioning, with the characteristics changing with age. Thus, assessment and treatment must be appropriate for the home and school and relevant to the child’s developmental level. This chapter reviews effective assessment strategies for use with children and adolescents. Psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents are discussed separately, as the approaches with each group differ substantially. For children, strategies with a strong evidence base are described, and innovations and treatment modifications that have been examined recently are showcased. For adolescents, the results of the few randomized clinical trials conducted with this population are reviewed. A theoretical model for how to sequence treatments (i.e., intervention, medication, accommodations) for youth is referenced, and two case studies highlight this model, as well some of the new findings described in this chapter. Implications and recommendations for future research and practice are provided.

scholarly journals Can a Person with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder be an Athlete?

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Alexandru Robert Vlad ◽  
Andreea Ioana Lungu
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Elite Athlete ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorder ◽  
Occupational Functioning ◽  
Stimulant Drugs ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The World ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
World Anti Doping Agency

AbstractAttention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder that impairs academic, social and occupational functioning in children, adolescents and adults. It is characterized by excessive activity, restlessness, and nervousness. The disease occurs in general at children before the age of 7 and usually is not easy to be detected, due to various symptoms. When the diagnosis is established the physician can prescribe two types of drugs, stimulants: amphetamine, dexamphetamine, lisdexamphetamine, methylphenidate, and non-stimulants such as: guanfacine, atomoxetine, and clonidine. So what can be done for a person who has ADHD, and wants to be an elite athlete? Due to the rules established by the World Anti-Doping Agency the stimulant drugs are prohibited in competition and if traces of a prohibited substance are detected in the sample of blood of the athlete his access to competition can be blocked from 2-4 years, from that date of the incident. Fortunately for some athletes the disease was acute in childhood but as they grew up the symptoms were reminiscent and they could concentrate at the sporting task that was supposed to be achieved. What about those athletes that still have the symptoms? Well, they can be treated with the non-stimulant drugs, but their doctor must monthly verify if the list of prohibited drugs has been changed. In conclusion we can say that ADHD can be an impediment, but with the help of parents, teachers, and physicians the athlete can achieve very good performances.

Evaluations for Testing Accommodations for Adolescents and Adults with Specific Learning Disorders or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2017 ◽  
pp. 654-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Mapou
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Testing Accommodations ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Specific Learning Disorder ◽  
Disability Law ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Specific Learning

Testing to determine if adolescents or adults have a specific learning disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a niche practice area for psychologists experienced with assessment. Testing may be done to update earlier documentation or to determine whether an individual having difficulty in school or on the job has a learning disability or ADHD that accounts for his or her difficulties. Often, one goal of these evaluations is to determine if an individual qualifies for accommodations on classroom and standardized tests. This chapter describe the author’s training and the information clinicians need to have to complete these evaluations. Clinicians must be familiar with research on learning disabilities and ADHD in adolescents and adults, so that their evaluations will be evidence based, and with disability law. The positive and negative aspects of this practice area and business considerations are discussed. The chapter concludes with advice for how clinicians interested in these evaluations can obtain training.

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