Termite-resistant heartwood. Effect of antioxidants on termite feeding deterrence and mortality

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan S. Little ◽  
Tor P. Schultz ◽  
Darrel D. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Feeding Deterrence ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Abstract Biocides currently employed to prevent termite damage face environmental and toxicity concerns. We recently proposed that heartwood which is naturally resistant to termites might be due to the extractives having both toxicity and antioxidant properties and we reported that the artificial and benign antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) had termite feeding deterrence and toxicity properties. Here, we investigate other antioxidants, both natural and synthetic, and analogs which lack antioxidant properties, on Reticulitermes flavipes Kollar. Laboratory no-choice tests according to AWPA Standard E1 were performed. Antioxidants that are benign to humans had feeding deterrence and mortality properties to R. flavipes. Conversely, the non-antioxidant analogs, with the exception of the heterocyclic flavanone which was previously shown to be active against decay fungi, had little effect on R. flavipes. We conclude that R. flavipes avoids wood which contain high levels of antioxidants, such as heartwood with phenolic extractives.

scholarly journals Concentration-Dependent Feeding Deterrence to 20-Hydroxyecdysone for Three Subterranean Termite Species (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Lucas Carnohan ◽  
Sang-Bin Lee ◽  
Nan-Yao Su
Keyword(s):  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Coptotermes Formosanus ◽  
Subterranean Termite ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Molting Hormone ◽  
Feeding Deterrence ◽  
Insect Feeding ◽  
Substrate Consumption ◽  
Termite Species ◽  
Potential Methods

Effective active ingredients in toxicant bait formulations must be non-deterrent to insect feeding behavior at lethal concentrations. This study evaluated feeding deterrence for Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, C. gestroi (Wasmann), and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) when provided access to cellulose impregnated with various concentrations of the insect molting hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). Termites were exposed to 20E concentrations of 200, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm and to noviflumuron at 5000 ppm in a 24 h choice-test, and the mass of substrate consumption from treated and untreated media pads was compared for each treatment. 20E feeding deterrence was detected at 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm for C. gestroi, and at 2000 ppm for C. formosanus. No significant differences in consumption of treated and untreated substrate was detected at any concentration for R. flavipes. Potential methods for reducing deterrence are discussed.

Antioxidant Properties of Mediterranean Spices Compared with Common Food Additives

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 1412-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAGDALENA MARTÍNEZ-TOMÉ ◽  
ANTONIA M. JIMÉNEZ ◽  
SILVERIO RUGGIERI ◽  
NATALE FREGA ◽  
ROSANNA STRABBIOLI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propyl Gallate ◽  
Protective Action ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Prooxidant Effect ◽  
Common Food ◽  
Rancimat Method ◽  
Inhibit Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Other Substances

In this study, the antioxidant properties of Mediterranean food spices (annatto, cumin, oregano, sweet and hot paprika, rosemary, and saffron) at 5% concentration and of common food additives (butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA], butylated hydroxytoluene[BHT], and propyl gallate) at 100 μg/g are compared. The ability of these compounds to inhibit lipid peroxidation was, in decreasing order, rosemary > oregano > propyl gallate > annatto > BHA > sweet paprika > cumin > hot paprika > saffron > BHT. Deoxyribose damage is partially inhibited in the presence of cumin extract that exhibits the strongest protective action. The rest of the spices also protect deoxyribose better than the BHA and BHT used in the assay. Finally, the results obtained in the assay point to the prooxidant effect of propyl gallate. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity is measured by using peroxidase-based assay systems. In aqueous medium, the spice extracts show lower antioxidant activity than propyl gallate, the decreasing order being cumin > oregano > annatto > rosemary > hot paprika > sweet paprika. BHA and BHT did not scavenge H2O2. Spices are able to scavenge HOCl and protect α1-antiproteinase. The results indicate that rosemary and oregano are more effective HOCl scavengers than the other substances analyzed, which, in decreasing order, were propyl gallate, annatto, sweet and hot paprika, saffron, and cumin. The effect of Mediterranean food spices on the oxidative stability of refined olive oil tested by the Rancimat method was compared with common food additives during storage (72 h, 2, 4, and 6 months) at room temperature. The results showed that the spice extracts analyzed have significant stabilizing effects (P < 0.05).

scholarly journals Zn(II) Complex of Plant Phenolic Chlorogenic Acid: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Structural Studies

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3745
Author(s):  
Monika Kalinowska ◽  
Justyna Sienkiewicz-Gromiuk ◽  
Grzegorz Świderski ◽  
Anna Pietryczuk ◽  
Adam Cudowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ◽  
Thermochemical Parameters

The structure of the Zn(II) complex of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic acid, 5-CQA) and the type of interaction between the Zn(II) cation and the ligand were studied by means of various experimental and theoretical methods, i.e., electronic absorption spectroscopy UV/Vis, infrared spectroscopy FT-IR, elemental, thermogravimetric and density functional theory (DFT) calculations at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant power) and trolox oxidation assays were applied in study of the anti-/pro-oxidant properties of Zn(II) 5-CQA and 5-CQA. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis and Candida albicans was tested. An effect of Zn(II) chelation by chlorogenic acid on the anti-/pro-oxidant and antimicrobial activities of the ligand was discussed. Moreover, the mechanism of the antioxidant properties of Zn(II) 5-CQA and 5-CQA were studied on the basis of the theoretical energy descriptors and thermochemical parameters. Zn(II) chlorogenate showed better antioxidant activity than chlorogenic acid and commonly applied natural (L-ascorbic acid) and synthetic antioxidants (butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)). The pro-oxidant activity of Zn(II) 5-CQA was higher than the ligand and increased with the rise of the compound concentration The type of Zn(II) coordination by the chlorogenate ligand strongly affected the antioxidant activity of the complex.

scholarly journals Antioxidant Properties of Embelin in Cell Culture. Electrochemistry and Theoretical Mechanism of Scavenging. Potential Scavenging of Superoxide Radical through the Cell Membrane

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Caruso ◽  
Miriam Rossi ◽  
Sarjit Kaur ◽  
Emmanuel Garcia-Villar ◽  
Nora Molasky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Superoxide Radical ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Embelia Ribes ◽  
Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide ◽  
Hydrophobic Tail ◽  
Theoretical Mechanism

Embelin, a plant natural product found in Lysimachia punctata (Primulaceae), and Embelia ribes Burm (Myrsinaceae) fruit, possesses interesting biological and pharmacological properties. It is a unique chemical species as it includes both quinone and hydroquinone functional groups plus a long hydrophobic tail. By using hydrodynamic voltammetry, which generates the superoxide radical in situ, we show an unusual scavenging capability by embelin. Embelin as a scavenger of superoxide is stronger than the common food additive antioxidant 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-20 methylphenol, (butylated hydroxytoluene, BHT). In fact, embelin is even able to completely abolish the superoxide radical in the voltaic cell. Computational results indicate that two different types of embelin scavenging actions may be involved, initially through π–π interaction and followed by proton capture in the cell. A related mechanism describes embelin’s ability to circumvent superoxide leaking by transforming the anion radical into molecular oxygen. In order to confirm its antioxidant properties, its biological activity was tested in a study carried out in THP-1 human leukemic monocytes and BV-2 mice microglia. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, proliferation curves and antioxidant activity by the use of a fluorescent probe showed good antioxidant properties at 24 h. This suggests that embelin’s long alkyl C10 tail may be useful for cell membrane insertion which stimulates the antioxidant defense system, and cytoprotection in microglia. In conclusion, embelin could be an interesting pharmacological tool able to decrease the damage associated with metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Physico-Chemical, Microbiological and Sensory Evaluation of Ready-to-Use Vegetable Pâté Added with Olive Leaf Extract

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziana Difonzo ◽  
Giacomo Squeo ◽  
Maria Calasso ◽  
Antonella Pasqualone ◽  
Francesco Caponio
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
Olive Leaf ◽  
Olive Leaf Extract ◽  
Shelf Life Extension ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Microbial Groups

The shelf-life extension implicates the reduction of food waste. Plant polyphenols can have a crucial role in the shelf-life extension of foods. Olive leaf extract (OLE) is rich in phenolic compounds such as oleuropein, which is well-known for its antioxidant properties. Physico-chemical, microbiological and sensory aspects of non-thermally stabilized olive-based pâté fortified with OLE at concentrations of 0.5 (EX0.5) and 1 mg kg−1 (EX1) were investigated. These samples were compared with olive-based pâté fortified with the synthetic antioxidant BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) and with a control sample (CTR) without antioxidants. No sensory defects were perceived in all samples, even if a more intense typical olive flavour was perceived in samples containing OLE compared to those containing BHT and CTR. This result was confirmed by significantly higher levels of 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal in samples containing OLE compared to CTR and BHT. Moreover, the main microbial groups registered a significant loss of 0.5–1 logarithmic cycles in samples containing OLE, especially in EX1. The results of the present study indicate the potentiality of using OLE as natural preservatives in non-thermally stabilized olive-based pâté, since some spoilage-related microbial groups were negatively affected by the addition of OLE at the highest concentration.

scholarly journals Effect of epicuticular waxes from triticale on the feeding behaviour and mortality of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Wójcicka
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Sitobion Avenae ◽  
Early Mortality ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Feeding Deterrence ◽  
Grain Aphid ◽  
Surface Wax ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Surface Waxes

AbstractSurface waxes from wax-covered triticale plants (RAH 122) were sprayed on plants of the waxless genotype RAH 366 or the surface waxes were used to make artificial diet preparations. The results were significant increases in the mortality of apterous adults of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at all concentrations tested in comparison with those aphids which fed on the control plants or aphids which were reared on the diets. In the choice tests, most aphids settled on plants without surface waxes or on diet preparations which did not have surface waxes (the controls). When the concentration of the surface waxes was increased on one of the plants or surface waxes were increased in the diet preparation, the number of wandering aphids increased. Those aphids which did not wander were mainly on the waxless control plants or on the waxless diet preparations. Aphids did settle on those plants or on the diet preparations which had 100 and 1,000 μg · g-1of surface wax. The aphids rarely settled on the diet preparations containing 10,000 μg ∙ g-1of surface waxes. From these observations it appears that surface waxes can act as a feeding deterrent. Since aphids on plants with surface waxes, or aphids which settled on diet preparations with surface waxes, started to die earlier than aphids fed only the control plants or the control diet preparations, it is possible that the surface waxes had a toxic effect that led to early mortality. Thus, it can be said that the surface waxes caused feeding deterrence and had a toxic effect on the aphids.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Antioxidant Activity of Malaysian Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Extracts with that of Selected Natural Products and its Effect on the Viability of Myoblast Cells in Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1445-1456
Author(s):  
Nur Fatin Nabilah Mohd Sahardi ◽  
Faizul Jaafar ◽  
Siti Nor Asyikin Zakaria ◽  
Jen Kit Tan ◽  
Mariam Firdhaus Mad Nordin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Ficus Deltoidea

Ginger has been proven to possess various therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, data on the comparison of ginger antioxidant activity with that of other natural products are still lacking. This study aimed to analyse and compare the antioxidant properties of two types of Malaysian ginger extracts (GE1 and GE2) with that of selected natural products. The antioxidant activities were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, while cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfonyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. The order of the DPPH scavenging activities was as follows: vitamin C > palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) > á-tocopherol > N-acetylcysteine (NAC) > Ficus deltoidea > butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) > Centella asiatica > GE2 > GE1 > Moringa oleifera > Kelulut honey; the order of the mean FRAP value was as follows: NAC > á-tocopherol > BHT > TRF > Ficus deltoidea > Moringa oleifera > GE2 = GE1 > Centella asiatica > Kelulut honey. The viability assays showed that both ginger extracts significantly increased the percentage of viable cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, neither of the ginger extracts was cytotoxic toward cells and both possessed comparable antioxidant properties, indicating their potential for ameliorating oxidative stress.

scholarly journals Improvement of the Oxidative Stability of Sesame Oil Using Spirulina as a Natural Antioxidant

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Omidi ◽  
Hamid Sarhadi ◽  
Fatemeh Shahdadi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Antiradical Activity ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Sesame Oil ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Natural Antioxidant ◽  
Synthetic Antioxidants ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Dpph Method

Background: Nowadays, natural antioxidants are used to replace synthetic antioxidants for delaying or preventing the oxidation of edible oils. In this study, phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of Spirulina microalgae (Arthrospira platensis) were measured. Methods: Phenolic content was measured by Folin–Ciocalteau method and antioxidant activity was measured by the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Also, spirulina microalgae as natural antioxidant, was added to sesame oil for improving its oxidative stability. The effects of methanol extract of these microalgae in four concentrations (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm) and synthetic antioxidants of butylated hydroxyl anyzole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in two levels (100 and 200 ppm) in retarding the sesame oil oxidation were examined. Results: The results showed that spirulina extract had 50.54 mg gallic acid/g samples total phenols and antiradical activity (84.38%). By increasing the concentration of the extracts, the oxidation process decreased. Methanol extract at 1000 ppm concentration had the highest antiradical activity than other concentrations and its antiradical activity was alike the synthesis antioxidant of BHA. By Increasing of storage period, peroxide values in 500 and 1000 ppm of spirulina extracts first increased then decreased and in other treatment increased. During storage time thiobarbituric acid index increased. However, this increase was higher in control treatment than others. Conclusion: According to the stated content, it can be said that methanol extracts of spirulina have appropriate antioxidant properties and spirulina can be used as a natural antioxidant to improve the oxidative stability of sesame oil.

scholarly journals Chemical Profiles and Anti-termite Activity of Hydrodistillation Residues From Three Aromatic Plants Acclimated in Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Assétou Sankara ◽  
Jean Claude W. Ouédraogo ◽  
Luc Pignolet ◽  
Marie-France Thévenon ◽  
Yvonne L. Bonzi-Coulibaly
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reticulitermes Flavipes ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Mentha Piperita ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Flavonoid Content ◽  
Dried Extract

Distillation process of aromatic plants produces a considerable amount of solid residues, which are rich in secondary metabolites known as bioactive compounds. In this context, residues from hydrodistillation of selected aromatic plants such as Mentha piperita L., Cymbopogon citratus Stapf and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh, have been studied for their total polyphenol content using Folin-Ciocalteu Reagent (FCR) method, total flavonoid content using aluminium chlorid (AlCl3) and antioxidant properties were determined as DPPH radical-scavenging ability (IC50). The anti-termite activity was evaluated by a direct non-choice test. The higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 0.20 mg/ml) and polyphenols content (224.32 mg GAE/g of dried extract) were showed with E. camaldulensis aqueous extract. However, M. piperita and C. citratus ethanolic extracts showed higher flavonoid content (190.99 and 185.19 mg QE/g of dried extract). The most active extract against termite Reticulitermes flavipes was E. camaldulensis ethanolic extract presenting toxicity at 5% and 10% w/w as concentrations. All these data showed that strategic extraction of residues from hydrodistillation can provide interesting bioactive compounds as novel anti-termite agents in plants protection and allow to give an added-value to aromatic plants.

Radical Scavenging Activities of Heracleum aquilegifolium Wight (Apiaceae) Fruit Oils in vitro

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 653-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subbiah Karuppusamy ◽  
Gurunathan Muthuraja
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Butylated Hydroxytoluene ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Nitric Oxide Radical

The fruits of Heracleum aquilegifolium Wight (Apiaceae) were collected from Western Ghats of the Indian Peninsula. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of the essential oils was analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). β -Pinene (22.3%), 1,8-cineole (20.3%), and β-phellandrene (12.4%) were the main components of H. aquilegifolium fruit oils. The antioxidant properties of essential oils of H. aquilegifolium were examined by different procedures namely reducing power ability, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity. The antioxidant activities were compared with those of synthetic antioxidants and standard drugs such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, curcumin, and quercetin. The study confirmed the possible antioxidant potential of essential oils tested with various in vitro antioxidant methods. The presence of monoterpenes in combination with other components in the oils could be responsible for the activity

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