Analysis of the hyphal load during early stages of wood decay by basidiomycetes in the presence of the wood preservative fungicides CuSO4 and cyproconazole

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damiano Vesentini ◽  
David J. Dickinson ◽  
Richard J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Initial Decrease ◽  
Decaying Wood

AbstractThis study considers variations in hyphal load in decaying wood in the presence of the fungicides CuSO4and cyproconazole. Variations in the chitin content of hyphae following exposure to both fungicides have been detected. Increasing concentrations of CuSO4and cyproconazole in wood caused an increase in the amount ofN-acetyl glucosamine in the mycelia ofCoriolus versicolorandGloeophyllum trabeum, which may be associated with increased deposition of chitin. This may in turn be an expression of the formation of a thicker cell wall at increased fungicide concentrations. Low concentrations of both fungicides also caused an increase in the amount of mycelium produced byG. trabeum. However, the same concentrations were effective at preventing mass loss, indicating that the fungal mycelium was less effective at decaying wood, despite being present in relatively large amounts. In the case ofC. versicolor, this effect was not observed, as increasing concentrations of both fungicides caused an initial decrease in the amount of mycelium, followed by a recovery phase at intermediate chemical concentrations. Again, mass loss was greatly inhibited by the presence of low concentrations of both fungicides.

Synthesis of Quaternary Ammonium Salt from Rosin and its Inhibition to some Wood Decay Fungi

2011 ◽  
Vol 685 ◽  
pp. 291-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Jin ◽  
Shu Jun Li ◽  
Tao Liang ◽  
Zhi Jun Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salt ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

Many pine trees could secrete oleo-resin when they were wounded. The oleo-resin was a mixture of turpentine and rosin. After evaporation of volatile turpentine, rosin remained and covered the wound to protect wood from fungi and insects. From this point, rosin protects wood naturally. However, rosin is not bioactive against most wood decay fungi. In this report, a bioactive rosin derivated, quaternary ammonium salt (QAS), was synthesized and its bioactivity against some wood decay fungi was tested. Firstly, the rosin was esterified by epoxy chloropropane with the mole ratio of 1:2, the reaction time of 3.5h at 90°C. The intermediate was 3-rosin acyloxy-2- hydroxypropyl chlorine. Then, the intermediate reacted with demethylamine to produce N-(3-rosin acyloxy- 2-hydroxyl) propyl-N, N dimethylamine at the following conditions: their mole ratio of 1:2, reaction temperature of 80°C and reaction time of 2.5h. Finally, the N-(3-rosin acyloxy-2-hydroxyl) propyl-N, N dimethylamine was quaternized by epoxy chloropropane with the mole ratio of 1:1, the reaction time of 3h at 90°C, and the yield was 72.8%. The chemical structure of the product was identified by FTIR and 1H NMR. The QAS content of the product was characterized by gravimetric analysis with sodium tetraphenylborate as its precipitation reagent, and liquid chromatography analysis (LC) analysis. The antifungal activity of the product was determined by paper-disc method with wood decay fungi such as Trametes versicolor, Gloeophyllum trabeum and wood stain fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces variot Bainier. The anti-fungal experiment results signified that the QAS of rosin is active to these fungi, especially Gloeophyllum trabeum. Since it is produced easily from rosin, which is renewable and not expensive, QAS of rosin could be a potential wood preservative. Further study is planning.

scholarly journals Wood modification by furfuryl alcohol caused delayed decomposition response inRhodonia (Postia) placenta

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Skrede ◽  
Monica Hongrø Solbakken ◽  
Jaqueline Hess ◽  
Carl Gunnar Fossdal ◽  
Olav Hegnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Environmentally Benign ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Modified Wood

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to investigate differential expression profiles of the brown rot fungusRhodonia placenta(previouslyPostia placenta) harvested at several time points when grown onPinus radiata(radiata pine) andP. radiatawith three different levels of modification by furfuryl alcohol, an environmentally benign commercial wood protection system. For the first time the entire gene expression pattern of a decay fungus is followed in untreated and modified wood from initial to advanced stages of decay. Results support the current model of a two-step decay mechanism, with an initial oxidative depolymerization followed by hydrolysis of cell-wall polysaccharides. The wood decay process is finished, and the fungus goes into starvation mode after five weeks when grown on unmodifiedP. radiatawood. The pattern of repression of oxidative processes and oxalate synthesis found inP. radiataat later stages of decay is not mirrored for the high furfurylation treatment. The high treatment level provided a more unpredictable expression pattern throughout the entire incubation period. Furfurylation does not seem to directly influence the expression of core plant cell wall hydrolyzing enzymes, as a delayed and prolonged, but similar pattern was observed in theP. radiataand the modified experiments. This indicates that the fungus starts a common decay process in the modified wood, but proceeds at a slower pace as access to the plant cell wall polysaccharides is restricted. This is further supported by the downregulation of hydrolytic enzymes for the high treatment level at the last harvest point (mass loss 14%). Moreover, the mass loss does not increase the last weeks. Collectively, this indicates a potential threshold for lower mass loss for highly modified wood.IMPORTANCEFungi are important decomposers of woody biomass in natural habitats. Investigation of the mechanisms employed by decay fungi in their attempt to degrade wood is important for both the basic scientific understanding of ecology and carbon cycling in nature, and for applied uses of woody materials. For wooden building materials long service life and carbon storage is essential, but decay fungi are responsible for massive losses of wood in service. Thus, optimizing durable wood products for the future are of major importance. In this study we have investigated the fungal genetic response to furfurylated wood, a commercial environmentally benign wood modification approach, that improves service life of wood in outdoor applications. Our results show that there is a delayed wood decay by the fungus as a response to furfurylated wood and new knowledge about the mechanisms behind the delay is provided.

Synthesis and Characterization of BisN-(3-rosin acyloxy-2-hydroxyl) propyl-N,N dimethylamine

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 2197-2200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yue Li ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Shu Jun Li ◽  
Zhi Jun Chen ◽  
Bing Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Niger ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Wood Preservative ◽  
Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Paper Disc

An anti-fungal derivative of rosin was synthesized. First, rosin was modified by acrylic acid and the modified rosin was esterified by epoxy chloropropane with the mole ratio of 1:3 for 3.5h at 90°C. The intermediate was bis 3-rosin acyloxy-2- hydroxypropyl chlorine and the degree of esterification was 98.81%. Then, bisN-(3-rosin acyloxy-2-hydroxyl) propyl-N,N dimethylamine was made from the intermediate under the following conditions: the intermediate and dimethylamine mole ratio of 1:2, reaction temperature of 80°C and reaction time of 2.5h. The chemical structure of the product was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The anti-fungal activity of the product was determined by paper-disc method with wood decay fungi such as Trametes versicolor, Gloeophyllum trabeum and wood stain fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Paecilomyces variot Bainier. The anti-fungal experiment results signified that bisN-(3-rosin acyloxy-2-hydroxyl) propyl-N, N dimethylamine is active vs. these fungi, but less effective with Aspergillus niger. Since it is produced easily from rosin, which is renewable and not expensive, this product has a promising future as a potential wood preservative.

scholarly journals Wood Modification by Furfuryl Alcohol Resulted in a Delayed Decomposition Response in Rhodonia (Postia) placenta

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inger Skrede ◽  
Monica Hongrø Solbakken ◽  
Jaqueline Hess ◽  
Carl Gunnar Fossdal ◽  
Olav Hegnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Postia Placenta

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate differential expression profiles of the brown rot fungus Rhodonia placenta (previously Postia placenta) harvested at several time points when grown on radiata pine (Pinus radiata) and radiata pine with three different levels of modification by furfuryl alcohol, an environmentally benign commercial wood protection system. The entire gene expression pattern of a decay fungus was followed in untreated and modified wood from initial to advanced stages of decay. The results support the current model of a two-step decay mechanism, with the expression of genes related to initial oxidative depolymerization, followed by an accumulation of transcripts of genes related to the hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides. When the wood decay process is finished, the fungus goes into starvation mode after five weeks when grown on unmodified radiata pine wood. The pattern of repression of oxidative processes and oxalic acid synthesis found in radiata pine at later stages of decay is not mirrored for the high-furfurylation treatment. The high treatment level provided a more unpredictable expression pattern throughout the incubation period. Furfurylation does not seem to directly influence the expression of core plant cell wall-hydrolyzing enzymes, as a delayed and prolonged, but similar, pattern was observed in the radiata pine and the modified experiments. This indicates that the fungus starts a common decay process in the modified wood but proceeds at a slower pace as access to the plant cell wall polysaccharides is restricted. This is further supported by the downregulation of hydrolytic enzymes for the high treatment level at the last harvest point (mass loss, 14%). Moreover, the mass loss does not increase during the last weeks. Collectively, this indicates a potential threshold for lower mass loss for the high-furfurylation treatment. IMPORTANCE Fungi are important decomposers of woody biomass in natural habitats. Investigation of the mechanisms employed by decay fungi in their attempt to degrade wood is important for both the basic scientific understanding of ecology and carbon cycling in nature and for applied uses of woody materials. For wooden building materials, long service life and carbon storage are essential, but decay fungi are responsible for massive losses of wood in service. Thus, the optimization of durable wood products for the future is of major importance. In this study, we have investigated the fungal genetic response to furfurylated wood, a commercial environmentally benign wood modification approach that improves the service life of wood in outdoor applications. Our results show that there is a delayed wood decay by the fungus as a response to furfurylated wood, and new knowledge about the mechanisms behind the delay is provided.

scholarly journals The Effect of Eutypella parasitica on the Wood Decay of Three Maple Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 671
Author(s):  
Ana Brglez ◽  
Barbara Piškur ◽  
Miha Humar ◽  
Jožica Gričar ◽  
Nikica Ogris
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Calculated Mass ◽  
Effective Decay ◽  
Calculated Mass Loss

Eutypella parasitica R.W. Davidson & R.C. Lorenz is the causative agent of Eutypella canker of maple, a destructive disease of maples in Europe and North America. The fungus E. parasitica is known to cause wood stain and decay. However, it is not known how effectively it decomposes the wood of the most widespread maple species in Europe. Wood samples of Acer pseudoplatanus L., A. platanoides L., and A. campestre L. were exposed to four isolates of E. parasitica and nine other fungal species for comparison, according to the modified EN 113 standard. After 15 weeks of incubation, mass loss and microscopical analysis of samples showed evidence of colonization and different wood decay potentials among fungal species. A highly significant positive correlation was found between mass loss and moisture content for all fungal species. Similarly, the measured cell wall thickness correlated well with the calculated mass loss of the samples. On average, the fungal species caused the lowest mass loss in A. pseudoplatanus (10.0%) and the highest in A. campestre (12.6%) samples. Among the samples exposed to E. parasitica isolates, the highest mass loss was recorded in A. pseudoplatanus (6.6%). Statistical analysis showed significant differences in mass loss and moisture content between different E. parasitica isolates. Based on the results of staining, we discuss the type of decay caused by E. parasitica. Although E. parasitica isolates caused smaller mass loss of samples compared to other more effective decay species, we should not disregard its capability of degrading maple wood. Because E. parasitica usually infects the lower portion of the trunk, which is the largest and most valuable part of the tree, any damage can cause significant economic and resource loss.

scholarly journals Resistance of thermally modified and pressurized hot water extracted Scots pine sapwood against decay by the brown-rot fungus Rhodonia placenta

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Altgen ◽  
Suvi Kyyrö ◽  
Olli Paajanen ◽  
Lauri Rautkari
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Effective Reduction ◽  
Cell Wall Porosity

AbstractThe thermal degradation of wood is affected by a number of process parameters, which may also cause variations in the resistance against decay fungi. This study compares changes in the chemical composition, water-related properties and decay resistance of Scots pine sapwood that was either thermally modified (TM) in dry state at elevated temperatures (≥ 185 °C) or treated in pressurized hot water at mild temperatures (≤ 170 °C). The thermal decomposition of easily degradable hemicelluloses reduced the mass loss caused by Rhodonia placenta, and it was suggested that the cumulative mass loss is a better indicator of an actual decay inhibition. Pressurized hot water extraction (HWE) did not improve the decay resistance to the same extent as TM, which was assigned to differences in the wood-water interactions. Cross-linking reactions during TM caused a swelling restraint and an effective reduction in moisture content. This decreased the water-swollen cell wall porosity, which presumably hindered the transport of degradation agents through the cell wall and/or reduced the accessibility of wood constituents for degradation agents. This effect was absent in hot water-extracted wood and strong decay occurred even when most hemicelluloses were already removed during HWE.

Ventilatory response of intact cats to carbon monoxide hypoxia

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1064-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gautier ◽  
M. Bonora
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Hypoxic Hypoxia ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Initial Decrease ◽  
Respiratory Centers ◽  
Ventilatory Response To Co2

Adult intact conscious or anesthetized cats have been exposed to either hypoxia or low concentrations of CO in air. In addition, the ventilatory response to CO2 was studied in air, hypoxic hypoxia, and CO hypoxia. The results show that 1) in conscious cats, low concentrations of CO (0.15%) induce a slight decrease in ventilation and higher concentrations of CO (0.20%) induce first a small decrease in ventilation and then a characteristic tachypnea similar to the hypoxic tachypnea described in carotid-denervated cats; 2) in anesthetized cats, CO hypoxia induces only mild changes in ventilation; and 3) the ventilatory response to CO2 is increased in CO hypoxia in both conscious and anesthetized animals but differs from the increase observed during hypoxia. It is concluded that the initial decrease in ventilation may be caused by some brain stem depression of the respiratory centers with CO hypoxia, whereas the tachypnea originates probably at some suprapontine level. Conversely, the possible central acidosis may account for the potentiation of the ventilatory response to CO2 observed in either conscious or anesthetized animals.

Changes in Carbon Sequestration in Wood During Decay by Brown- and White-Rot Fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-419
Author(s):  
Huadong Xu ◽  
Jiedong Wei ◽  
Yanan Di ◽  
Ruixia Qin ◽  
Zonglin Zhen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Decay Time ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Korean Pine ◽  
Decay Test ◽  
The Absolute

Wood decay is a releasing process of carbon fixed in the wood. The study on carbon sequestration change caused by decay can provide a theoretical basis for wood preservation and utilization. At present, there are few reports on decay influence on wood carbon emission and no corresponding quantitative data. Therefore, one broad-leaved species, Poplar, and one coniferous species, Korean pine, were selected as the research object, and brown rot fungus (Gloeephyllum trabeum) and white rot fungus (Coriolus versicolor) were used to conduct accelerated decay test on wood samples in the laboratory. During decay, specimens were taken out in different periods to measure chemical properties, mass loss and carbon sequestration. The influence of decay time on carbon sequestration, chemical component and mass loss were then analyzed and the change rule of carbon sequestration were finally studied. The results showed that with increasing decay time, the relative carbon sequestration content of wood affected by different types rot fungi decreased, which was consistent with the change rule of mass loss, indicating that decay would lead to a loss of wood mass and affect its carbon sequestration. However, the absolute carbon sequestration (measured value of carbon sequestration) after brown rot treatment did not decrease but increased slightly, which was different from previous expectation. According to the analysis, with increasing brown rot time, the absolute content and proportion of lignin in wood samples increased slightly, while the corresponding value of holocellulose (including α-cellulose and hemicellulose) decreased significantly. The carbon content of lignin per unit mass is higher than that of holocellulose (Poplar 64.08% > 37.38%; Korean pine 66.37% > 35.94%), resulting in absolute carbon sequestration in wood increases instead of decreases. In conclusion, the change of lignin proportion during the process of brown rot is the decisive factor affecting the change of absolute carbon sequestration. This study focused on two aspects of wood decay and wood carbon sequestration, systematically analyzed the change rule and internal mechanism of wood carbon sequestration with the increase of wood decay degree, and accumulated basic data for wood carbon emission reduction and wood prevention.

scholarly journals Dual Roles of FmtA in Staphylococcus aureus Cell Wall Biosynthesis and Autolysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 3797-3805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneela Qamar ◽  
Dasantila Golemi-Kotra
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Stress ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Teichoic Acids ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Wall Teichoic Acids

ABSTRACTThefmtAgene is a member of theStaphylococcus aureuscore cell wall stimulon. The FmtA protein interacts with β-lactams through formation of covalent species. Here, we show that FmtA has weakd-Ala-d-Ala-carboxypeptidase activity and is capable of covalently incorporating C14-Gly into cell walls. The fluorescence microscopy study showed that the protein is localized to the cell division septum. Furthermore, we show that wall teichoic acids interact specifically with FmtA and mediate recruitment of FmtA to theS. aureuscell wall. Subjection ofS. aureusto FmtA concentrations of 0.1 μM or less induces autolysis and biofilm production. This effect requires the presence of wall teichoic acids. At FmtA concentrations greater than 0.2 μM, autolysis and biofilm formation inS. aureusare repressed and growth is enhanced. Our findings indicate dual roles of FmtA inS. aureusgrowth, whereby at low concentrations, FmtA may modulate the activity of the major autolysin (AtlA) ofS. aureusand, at high concentrations, may participate in synthesis of cell wall peptidoglycan. These two roles of FmtA may reflect dual functions of FmtA in the absence and presence of cell wall stress, respectively.

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