Use of near infrared spectroscopy to predict the mechanical properties of six softwoods

Holzforschung ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Kelley ◽  
T.G. Rials ◽  
L.R. Groom ◽  
C.-L. So
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Softwood Species

Abstract The visible and near infrared (NIR) (500–2400 nm) spectra and mechanical properties of almost 1000 small clearwood samples from six softwood species: Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine), Pinus palustris, Mill. (longleaf pine), Pinus elliottii Engelm. (slash pine), Pinus echinata Mill. (shortleaf pine), Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws (ponderosa pine), and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas fir) were measured. Projection to Latent Structures (PLS) modeling showed that the NIR spectra of these softwoods could be used to predict the mechanical properties of the clear-wood samples. The correlation coefficients for most of these models were greater than 0.80. All six softwood species were combined into one data set and a PLS model was constructed that effectively predicted the strength properties of any of the individual softwoods. Reducing the spectral range to between 650 and 1050 nm only causes a slight decrease in the quality of the models. Using this narrow spectral range enables the use of smaller, faster, lighter, less expensive spectrometers that could be used either in the field or for process control applications.

scholarly journals Transition from Fire-Dependent Open Forests: Alternative Ecosystem States in the Southeastern United States

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Brice B. Hanberry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Fire Disturbance ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Broadleaf Species

Land use and fire exclusion have influenced ecosystems worldwide, resulting in alternative ecosystem states. Here, I provide two examples from the southeastern United States of fire-dependent open pine and pine-oak forest loss and examine dynamics of the replacement forests, given continued long-term declines in foundation longleaf (Pinus palustris) and shortleaf (Pinus echinata) pines and recent increases in commercial loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) pines. Shortleaf pine-oak forest historically may have been dominant on about 32 to 38 million ha, a provisional estimate based on historical composition of 75% of all trees, and has decreased to about 2.5 million ha currently; shortleaf pine now is 3% of all trees in the northern province. Longleaf pine forest decreased from about 30 million ha, totaling 75% of all trees, to 1.3 million ha and 3% of all trees in contemporary forests of the southern province. The initial transition from open pine ecosystems to closed forests, primarily comprised of broadleaf species, was countered by conversion to loblolly and slash pine plantations. Loblolly pine now accounts for 37% of all trees. Loss of fire-dependent ecosystems and their foundation tree species affect associated biodiversity, or the species that succeed under fire disturbance.

Prodiamine: A Herbicide for Pine and Hardwood Nurseries

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Tolerance to applications of prodiamine was examined in field experiments with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.)seedlings at nine southern nurseries in 1979 and at six nurseries in 1980. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha (7.1 oz ai/ac) was applied after sowing (preemergence) or 4 to 6 wk after sowing (postemergence). When applied just after sowing at 1.0 kg ai/ha (13.3 oz. ai/ac),a reduction in emergence was observed with loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, and eastern white pine. Tolerance of various hardwoods was also examined. Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) was sensitive, and seedling production was reduced with both preemergence and early postemergence applications.Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and two species of oaks (Quercus alba L. and Q. nigra L./Q. phellos L.) tolerated rates as high as 1.0 kg ai/ha. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):142-146

scholarly journals Fomesafen: A Herbicide for Pine Seedbeds

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-145
Author(s):  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Tolerance of southern pines to preemergence applications of fomesafen was examined at eight nursery experiments in 1984. When sown on coarse textured soils, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii), longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) were tolerant to 0.5 kg ai/ha applied after sowing. However, a reduction in loblolly pine seedling production was observed with one test on a silt loam soil in Louisiana. The risk of injury from a preemergence application may be related to soil texture. Pine tolerance to a single postemergence treatment was tested at seven nurseries in 1985. No significant injury was observed when 0.5 kg ai/ha was applied 3 to 8 weeks after sowing loblolly pine or shortleaf pine, and no injury was observed on fall-sown eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). When applied 1 or 2 months after sowing, loblolly pine appears tolerant to fomesafen even on silt loam soils. Injury has been observed from postemergence applications when a surfactant was used in combination with fomesafen. Preemergence applications of fomesafen are now an operational practice at several southern pine nurseries. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):143-145.

scholarly journals Effects of Pythium Species and Time in Cold Storage on the Survival of Bareroot and Container-Grown Southern Pine Seedlings

ISRN Ecology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
D. Paul Jackson ◽  
Scott A. Enebak ◽  
David B. South
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Moist Environment

Cold storing bareroot southern pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings for greater than one week after lifting in the fall can lead to poor outplanting survival when compared to seedlings that are lifted and stored in winter. In contrast, container-grown seedlings typically do not experience adverse effects from storing for periods greater than one week. The practice of lifting bareroot seedlings can cause wounds to root systems, which could allow soil-borne pathogens such as Pythium species to be used as infection sites. Once seedlings are placed in storage, the cool, moist environment may be conducive for zoospore activity, leading to root disease and outplanting failure. Bareroot and container-grown longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and container-grown shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) were inoculated with either Pythium dimorphum or Pythium irregulare, cold-stored for 3, 4, 6, or 12 weeks, and outplanted. Both Pythium species reduced survival of bareroot longleaf pine but not bareroot slash pine. Length of storage decreased survival for both seedling stock types. Pythium species did not affect the survival of container-grown seedlings. These results suggest that P. dimorphum and P. irregulare are more virulent to bareroot longleaf pine than the other pine species tested.

scholarly journals Height Growth of Loblolly and Slash Pine Plantations in the Northern Post-Oak belt of Texas

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Hansen ◽  
M. Victor Bilan
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
East Texas ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Post Oak ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Age accounted for over 70% of the variation in tree height of 10- to 44-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations established on deep sands, moderate sands, and nonsandy soils in the Northern Post-Oak Belt of Texas. Climatic and edaphicfactors, relating either directly or indirectly to the amount of moisture available for tree use, explained up to 17% of height growth variation. Height growth of the plantations was comparable to that of plantations growing in the pine-mixed hardwood forest cover type of East Texas. The NorthernPost-Oak Belt of Texas is an area approximately 50 to 100 miles wide located between the pine-mixed hard-wood forest type to the east and the black-land prairie to the west. Soils within the belt belong primarily to the Alfisol or Ultisol soil orders. The western-most areas of the belt receiveup to 20% less annual rain fall than the pine-mixed hardwood type of East Texas (U.S. Environmental Data and Information Service 1949-1982). The present forest of this area is dominated by post oak (Quercus stellata Wang.), black-jack oak (Quercus Marilandica Muench.), bluejack oak (Quercusincana Bartr.), and black hickory (Carya texana Buckl.) (Ward 1984). Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) occur naturally only in scattered locations (Wilson and Hacker 1986). South. j. Appl. For. 13(1):5-8.

Predictive Ability of Mixed-Effects Height–Diameter Models Fit Using One Species but Calibrated for Another Species

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis L Vanderschaaf
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Height Estimates ◽  
Model Form

Abstract Mixed-effects individual tree height–diameter models are presented for important pines in the Western Gulf, USA. Equations are presented for plantations of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf (Pinus palustris P. Mill.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine. To produce localized individual tree height estimates, these models can be calibrated after obtaining height–diameter measurements from a plot/stand of interest. These equations can help answer an interesting question of whether a model fit for one species can be calibrated to produce reasonable height estimates of another species. In situations where mixed-effects models have not been developed for a particular species, perhaps an equation from another species can be used. This question was addressed by calibrating these models using independent data of loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine plantations located in South Carolina. For each calibration species, in addition to the models developed described above, previously published models, but of the same model form, fit using other species from across the USA were examined. Results show that models of a variety of species can be calibrated to provide reasonable predictions for a particular species. Predictions using this particular model form indicate that model calibration is more important than species-specific height–diameter relations.

Bifenox: A Promising New Herbicide for Southern Pine Nurseries

1978 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
David B. South ◽  
Dean H. Gjerstad ◽  
R. Hugh Crowley
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Preemergence tests over a three-year period at 11 forest nurseries indicate that bifenox at 1.5, 3, or 6 pounds active ingredient per acre provides good weed control without causing injury to loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) and longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). The lower rates did not harm eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), but the 6 pound per acre rate reduced seedling density. At most locations bifenox at 3 pounds per acre provided longer lasting weed control than diphenamid at 4 pounds per acre. Postemergence applications of bifenox at 2 or 4 pounds per acre controlled small succulent weeds at eight forest nurseries without injuring 3- to 10-week old seedlings of loblolly, slash, and eastern white pine.¹

scholarly journals Cross-laminated timber design by flattened bamboo based on near-infrared spectroscopy and finite element analysis

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 3437-3453
Author(s):  
Chao Li ◽  
Lixin Zhang ◽  
Xinyu Ma ◽  
Xilong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Prediction Model ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Cross Laminated Timber ◽  
Testing Method

Bamboo-wood composite cross-laminated timber (BCLT) is a new kind of wood structure material. Studies of the mechanical properties of BCLT have the potential to improve its utilization. Compared with the traditional testing method, this paper designs a fast and effective nondestructive testing method. Three types of composite BCLT plates were designed and made. Multi-point sampling of unit-converted timber was done using a 900-1700 nm NIR spectrometer. Mechanical properties of the unit converted timber were obtained through a four-point bending experiment. The data set consisted of near-infrared spectrum data and mechanical property data. The NIR prediction model was obtained by partial least squares method. The coefficients of determination for the density, MOR and MOE prediction models were 0.88, 0.88, and 0.85, respectively. Finally, the finite element modeling analysis of BCLT plate was carried out according to the element material prediction model, and the prediction of mechanical properties of BCLT plate was achieved. For the three BCLT plates, the prediction error of the finite element model was less than 10%, showing that the finite element analysis method is feasible to predict the mechanical properties of BCLT plate.

Oxyfluorfen: An Effective Herbicide For Southern Pine Nurseries

1980 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
David B. South ◽  
Dean H. Gjerstad
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Forest Nurseries ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Pinus Virginiana Mill

Abstract Preemergence tests over a three-year period at 11 forest nurseries indicate that oxyfluorfen at 0.5 or 1.0 pound active ingredient per acre provides good weed control without causing injury to loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.), longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.), Virginia (Pinus virginiana Mill.) and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Postemergence applications of oxyfluorfen at 0.5 or 1.0 pound per acre controlled small succulent weeds at nine forest nurseries without injuring 4- to 8-week-old seedlings of loblolly and slash or 29-week-old longleaf.1

Metastructures for the Giant Enhancement of Raman Scattering in the Near Infrared Spectral Range

JETP Letters ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
V. I. Kukushkin ◽  
V. E. Kirpichev ◽  
E. N. Morozova ◽  
V. V. Solov’ev ◽  
Ya. V. Fedotova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Infrared Spectral Range ◽  
Infrared Spectral
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