Measuring Relative Fibre Length in Scots Pine by Non-Destructive Wood Sampling

Holzforschung ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fries ◽  
T. Ericsson ◽  
T. Mörling
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Slight Tendency ◽  
Non Destructive

Summary Wood fibre length of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was measured in wood sticks and 5-mm increment cores. The aim was to evaluate whether fibre length estimates from such small-diameter cores could be used to calculate genetic parameters, in spite of the increased amount of cut fibres produced at boring. The correlation between mean fibre lengths obtained from cores and sticks, with substantially fewer cut fibres, was high (r = 0.87, n = 53) and of the same magnitude as the correlation between samples from varied positions in the same tree (r = 0.87, n = 46). As regards evaluation of genetic tests and ranking for selection purposes, values from non-destructively sampled 5-mm cores from 0.5 m tree height appear to serve well. Fibre length development along annual ring classes started to differentiate between trees at annual rings 13–15, and after ring 16 there was a slight tendency towards stabilisation which may be interpreted as a reasonably advanced transition from juvenile wood to mature wood.

scholarly journals Estimating Genetic Parameters for Wood Density of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Fries ◽  
Tore Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Annual Rings

Abstract Wood density was analysed and annual ring width was measured on increment cores from 1400 trees in a 30-year-old full-sib progeny test of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in north Sweden. Genetic parameters for wood density were analysed separately for ten outer annual rings, and for simple averages of the five most recent years. The evaluation included genetic correlations with height and stem diameter. Heritabilities of density estimated separately for each annual ring was 0.14-0.26 without any age trend, and jointly for the ten or five latest rings 0.30-0.33; for height growth it was 0.30-0.42 and for stem diameter 0.11-0.13. Additive genetic correlations with height and stem diameter were negative with the simplest statistical model (ȓA = -0.425 and 0.511, respectively) but vanished or diminished when ring width was added as covariate. Density breeding values calculated for the parent trees for each of ten annual rings separately varied considerably between parent trees and between years, tending to increase with increasing age, with a substantial increase between the ages 14 to 16 years from the pith. This age fits well with literature data on the change from juvenile to mature wood. The genetic correlation for wood density between rings from different years was high: ȓA = 0.8 ten years apart, increasing to 1.0 for neighbouring rings. The high genetic correlations for wood density between the innermost and outermost annual rings indicate possible strong covariation between juvenile and/or transition wood and mature wood. The annual variation in wood density in relation to genetic regulation, phenology, environmental conditions, and development from juvenile to mature age is discussed.

scholarly journals Vertical variability of selected macrostructural properties of juvenile wood organization in trunks of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees

2011 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Tomczak ◽  
Witold Pozdrowski ◽  
Tomasz Jelonek ◽  
Ireneusz Stypuła
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wood Structure ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Tree Trunk ◽  
Wood Tissue

The study makes an attempt to analyse the width of annual rings, the width of the latewood zone and the proportion of the latewood within juvenile wood along trunks of Scots pine (<em>Pinus sylvestris</em> L.) trees and to verify the hypothesis about the heterogeneous properties of juvenile wood in a single trunk. It was found that the above-mentioned macrostructural elements of wood structure showed a curvilinear correlation with the height of measurement points along the tree trunk. As the distance from the base of trunk increased, the width of the annual ring and the width of the latewood zone decreased, while the proportion of the latewood increased. These types of changes can affect positively physical and mechanical properties of wood tissue. It can be assumed that there is a mechanism which modifies properties of juvenile wood causing axial diversification of the analysed type of wood tissue. It is probable that axial heterogeneity results in advantageous changes in the mechanics of the tree trunk.

Variation of tracheid length within annual rings of Scots pine and Norway spruce

Holzforschung ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Tuula Jyske ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Tracheid Length

Abstract Variation of tracheid length was studied within individual annual rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) from the pith to the bark. The material consisted of six Scots pine and six Norway spruce trees growing on sites of both low and high fertility. Microtome sections of 0.25 mm thick were cut from annual rings 7, 20 and 50 counted from the pith outwards, i.e., juvenile, transition and mature wood, respectively. After maceration, tracheid lengths were separately measured in each sample. In juvenile wood of Scots pine, tracheids were on average 17% longer in the latewood than in earlywood. However, in juvenile wood, the first formed earlywood tracheids were slightly longer than those in the middle of the earlywood zone. In the transition and mature wood of Scots pine, the increase in tracheid length was more gradual from earlywood to latewood, and no significant differences were found between earlywood and latewood. In Norway spruce, tracheids were 2–4% longer in the latewood than in earlywood. In general, tracheid length is highly variable within annual rings and the variation can differ from ring-to-ring even within the same tree.

scholarly journals Relationships between selected tree characteristics and the properties of juvenile wood in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-244
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Tomczak
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
General Terms ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Tree Characteristics

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine relationships between selected properties of juvenile wood and characteristics of the stem and crown of Scots pine. Analyses were conducted in northern Poland on eight mature pine monocultures. Nine trees were selected in each experimental site and their stems were divided into five sections. The centers of the sections were established at a height of 1.3 m from the tree base and at points corresponding to 20, 40, 60 and 80% tree height. Samples were taken from these locations, and these samples were prepared for analyses of basic density, compressive strength along the grain and static bending, as well as the modulus of elasticity during bending. The mean height of the investigated group of trees was 26.0 m with an average diameter breast high of 33.6 cm. The mean crown depth was 7.8 m and crown diameter was 3.6 m, and the mean basic density (Qu) of juvenile pine wood was 416 kg/m3. The average compressive strength along the grain (CS) was determined to be 22.3 MPa, while static bending strength (BS) was 45.8 MPa. The recorded modulus of elasticity (MOE) was 4726 MPa. Both in general terms and when dividing stems into sections, the wood properties correlated with tree characteristics to various degrees. All indexes were negative indicating that trees of greater dimensions produce juvenile wood of inferior quality. Properties of juvenile wood formed during various periods of tree life were mostly related to diameter breast high and crown depth. They were also correlated with tree height, but only to a limited extent. In contrast, properties of wood from the middle stem sections were significantly correlated with crown diameter.

scholarly journals Juvenile wood volume and its proportion to stem volume vs. selected biometric features of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Tomczak ◽  
Witold Pazdrowski ◽  
Grzegorz Kupczyk ◽  
Tomasz Jelonek
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
The One

The aim of the study was to determine whether there is a correlation between breast height diameter, tree height and stem total volume of Scots pines, on the one hand, and volume and proportion of juvenile wood, on the other. The investigations comprised pure pine stands of the IInd, IIIrd, IVth and Vth age classes developed in conditions of fresh mixed coniferous forest. A distinct curvilinear correlation was found between volume and proportion of juvenile wood in tree stems and breast height diameter, height and stem total volume. Because of high values of determination coefficients (R<sup>2</sup>), which characterised the above-mentioned correlations, it seems appropriate to use these regularities to assess the quality of the timber raw material regarding the proportions of its volume and juvenile wood in stems of Scots pine trees.

Modeling the interaction of a beam of elastic vibrations with the surface of an object under acoustic non-destructive testing

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-57
Author(s):  
N.P. Aleshin ◽  
M.V. Grigorev ◽  
N.V. Kryisko ◽  
A.G. Kusyiy
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Transverse Wave ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Liquid Immersion ◽  
Elastic Transverse ◽  
Elastic Transverse Wave ◽  
Physical And Mathematical Models ◽  
Non Destructive

Physical and mathematical models are developed that describe the refraction by a concave cylindrical surface of a field of an elastic transverse wave arbitrarily incident on a surface from a liquid. Immersion control of a small-diameter pipeline is considered. Keywords acoustics, ultrasound, immersion control, physical and mathematical model, bent surface, small-diameter pipeline. [email protected]

scholarly journals Improved Hough Transform and Total Variation Algorithms for Features Extraction of Wood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Weiwei Du ◽  
Yarui Xi ◽  
Kiichi Harada ◽  
Yumei Zhang ◽  
Keiko Nagashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Variation ◽  
Hough Transform ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
New Model ◽  
Model Combining

Research shows that the intensity impact factors of wood, such as late timber ratio, volume density and the intensity of itself, correlate with the width of wood annual rings. Therefore, extracting wood annual ring information from wood images is helpful for evaluating wood quality. During the past few years, many researchers have conducted defect detection by studying the information of wood images. However, there are few in-depth studies on the statistics and calculation of wood annual ring information. This study proposes a new model combining the Total Variation (TV) algorithm and the improved Hough transform to accurately measure the wood annual ring information. The TV algorithm is used to suppress image noise, and the Hough transform is for detecting the center of the wood image. Moreover, the edges of wood annual rings are extracted, and the statistical ring information is calculated. The experimental results show that the new model has good denoising capability, clearly extract the edges of wood annual rings and calculate the related parameters from the indoor wood images of the processed logs and the unprocessed low-noise logs.

Seasonal Variation in Traumatic Resin Canal Formation in Chamaecyparis Obtusa Phloem

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kuroda
Keyword(s):  
Annual Ring ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Resinous Stem Canker ◽  
Traumatic Resin Canals ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Artificial Wounding

Trunks of Chamaecyparis obtusa were injured to examine seasonal differences in traumatic resin canal formation in secondary phloem. Even after wounding during winter, differentiation of axial parenchyma into epithelium was initiated, and vertical resin canals formed. After winter wounding, resin canal development was slower and the tangential extent of resin canals was narrower than after spring wounding, and it took one to two months until resin secretion began. After spring wounding, the sites of resin canal formation were the 1- and 2-year-old annual rings of phloem. In August, the location of resin canal formation shifted into the current and 1-year-old annual ring. Resin canals never formed in secondary phloem areas that were 3 or more years old. In C. obtusa trunks that are affected by the resinous stem canker, numerous tangentiallines of resin canals are found throughout the phloem, not just recent and 1- to 2-year-old phloem. The present research indicates that these many lines of resin canals were not formed at one time, and that the stimuli that induce traumatic resin canals must occur repeatedly over many years. The data on artificial wounding effects are useful for understanding resinous stem canker.

INTERVASCULAR PITTING ACROSS THE ANNUAL RING BOUNDARY IN BETULA PLATYPHYLLA VAR. JAPONICA AND FRAXINUS MANDSHURICA VAR. JAPONICA

IAWA Journal ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzou Sano
Keyword(s):  
Annual Ring ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Betula Platyphylla ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Fraxinus Mandshurica ◽  
Common Wall ◽  
Pit Membrane ◽  
Perforation Plates ◽  
Soluble Material ◽  
Ring Boundary

The structure of intervascular pits, located at the boundary between the outermost and the second youngest annual rings in Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica was examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. Unilaterally compound pits were present in the intervascular common wall at the annual ring boundary in both species. On the outer annual ring side of the unilaterally compound pits, outlines of pit membranes were curved or trifoliate, and each pit aperture was often elongated and curved. The porosity of the intervascular pit membranes differed between the two species. In B. platyphylla var. japonica, microfibrils were loosely packed in the peripheral region of each pit membrane, and openings of up to 300 nm in width were observed. By contrast, microfibrils were densely packed throughout the entire pit membranes in F. mandshurica var. japonica, and no openings perforating the pit membranes entirely were found. In addition, each species exhibited some unique features. In B. platyphylla var. japonica, extensive ethanol-soluble material was detected not only in the intervascular pits but also on scalariform perforation plates. In F. mandshurica var. japonica, we observed fine curly fibrils of unkown chemical composition in the intervascular pit membranes.

Tree height as the main factor causing disappearance of the terricolous lichens in the lichen Scots pine forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 771 ◽  
pp. 144834
Author(s):  
Michał H. Węgrzyn ◽  
Patrycja Fałowska ◽  
Joanna Kołodziejczyk ◽  
Karima Alzayany ◽  
Piotr Wężyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Scots Pine Forests ◽  
Terricolous Lichens ◽  
Main Factor
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