Relationships between Density, Shrinkage, Extractives Content and Microfibril Angle in Tension Wood from Three Provenances of 10-Year-Old Eucalyptus globulus Labill

Holzforschung ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Washusen ◽  
P. Ades ◽  
R. Evans ◽  
J. Ilic ◽  
P. Vinden
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Saturation Method ◽  
Improvement Programs

Summary Density and microfibril angle (MFA) of tension wood and normal wood were assessed in the sapwood and heartwood, from three provenanaces of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Density was measured using a modified saturation method that also enabled the calculation of the extractives lost during saturation. Microdensity and MFA were determined by SilviScan 2, a rapid X-ray densitometry and X-ray diffraction system developed at CSIRO. Significant differences were found in density and extractives between provenances and also density between the sapwood and adjacent heartwood from each provenance. This result may explain some of the drying differences between provenances found in an earlier study (Washusen and Ilic 2000). Sapwood samples with high percentages of tension wood fibres had high density and a significant positive correlation was found between microdensity and tension wood fibre percentage. MFA was found to be very low in normal wood in the sapwood, where most tension wood was found, so tension wood could not be identified by MFA. The positive association between tension wood and wood density suggests that caution should be taken when selecting trees for high wood density in tree improvement programs.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN CELLULOSE CRYSTALLITE WIDTH AND TENSION WOOD OCCURRENCE IN EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS

IAWA Journal ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Washusen ◽  
Robert Evans
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cellulose Crystallite ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

The association between cellulose crystallite width and the occurrence of tension wood was assessed for Eucalyptus globulus Labill., a commercially important plantation hardwood species. Crystallite width (uncorrected for instrumental broadening) was determined from X-ray diffraction patterns collected on SilviScan-2, an instrument developed for the rapid assessment of wood microstructure. Comparisons of crystallite widths were made using 66 samples of tension wood and normal wood selected randomly from one tree known to have abundant tension wood. Tension wood was found to have significantly wider crystallites than normal wood. The mean crystallite widths were 3.6 nm for tension wood and 3.2 nm for normal wood. The normal wood crystallite widths were consistent with those reported in previous studies, allowing for an experimental broadening equivalent to about 0.5 nm in this work. This study demonstrates that SilviScan-2 is useful for the detection of tension wood in solid wood samples such as increment cores.

Calibration of SilviScan data of Cryptomeria japonica wood concerning density and microfibril angles with NIR hyperspectral imaging with high spatial resolution

Holzforschung ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Te Ma ◽  
Tetsuya Inagaki ◽  
Satoru Tsuchikawa
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Cryptomeria Japonica ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Manner

Abstract Wood density and microfibril angle (MFA) are strongly correlated with wood stiffness, swelling/shrinkage, and its anisotropy. Understanding the spatial distribution of these data is critical for solid timber applications. In this study, near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging has been calibrated for evaluation of wood density and MFA in an effective manner. Briefly, five wood samples collected from both normal wood (NW) and compression wood (CW) moieties of two different Cryptomeria japonica trees were analyzed. Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between X-ray densitometry data obtained by SilviScan and NIR spectra, and cross-validation (leave-one-out) approach served for prediction performances. The validation coefficient of determination (r2) between the predicted densities by the NIR technique and the X-ray data was 0.83 with a root mean squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 105.2 kg m−3. Regarding MFA, the r2 was 0.77 and RMSECV 5.36°. Wood density was successfully maped as well as the MFA at a high spatial resolution. As a result, the detection of annual growth ring features and evaluation of aspects of heterogeneous wood quality has been facilitated. The mapping results were visually checked by looking at the difference between earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) for density and by means of the Mäule color reaction indicating high lignin contents in CW in terms of MFA validation as CWs have high MFA values.

Direct Effects of Wood Characteristics on Pulp and Handsheet Properties of Eucalyptus globulus

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wimmer ◽  
G.M. Downes ◽  
R. Evans ◽  
G. Rasmussen ◽  
J. French
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Bending Stiffness ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Handsheet Properties

Summary Fibre length, microfibril angle and wood density were measured in eight-year-old Eucalyptus globulus clones planted on three different sites. Samples were chipped and pulped, and the pulps beaten prior to preparation of 60g/m2 handsheets. Eleven physical handsheet properties, together with pulp freeness, were measured using standard methods. Direct relationships between wood properties and pulp/paper properties were studied using path analysis. Fibre length had a strong, direct effect on tear index, bending stiffness, freeness, pulp yield and active alkali consumption. Wood density was a strong predictor of most handsheet properties: high density woods produced bulkier, more porous sheets with higher bending stiffness, while lower density woods produced smoother, denser sheets with higher tensile strength.The effect of microfibril angle was small and more evident in handsheets made from beaten pulp.

Microfibril Angle Distribution of Poplar Tension Wood

IAWA Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silke Lautner ◽  
Cordt Zollfrank ◽  
Jörg Fromm
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Angle Distribution ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Wood Fibres ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Fibril Angle

Tension wood of poplar (Populus nigra) branches was studied by lightand electron microscopy. The characteristic features of tension wood such as wider growth rings, reduced vessel density and higher gross density were confirmed by our results. Based on a novel combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and image analysis, involving Fourier transformation, the orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the S2- and G-layer was determined. Within the G-layer microfibril angle (MFA) was parallel to the growth axis (0°). However, in the S2 it was 13° in tension wood fibres and 4° in normal wood fibres. With the exception of the relatively low fibril angle in the S2 of tension wood fibres (13°) the results are in good agreement with those of the literature.

High spatial resolution and non-destructive evaluation of wood density and microfibril angle by NIR hyperspectral imaging

NIR news ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Te Ma ◽  
Tetsuya Inagaki ◽  
Satoru Tsuchikawa
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Non Destructive

Wood density and microfibril angle are strongly correlated with wood stiffness, shrinkage, and anisotropy. Understanding the spatial distribution of these values is critical for solid timber applications. In this study, near infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging was used to evaluate wood density and microfibril angle in a non-destructive, yet effective manner. Briefly, five wood samples collected from both normal and compression parts of two different Cryptomeria japonica trees were analyzed. Partial least squares regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between X-ray reference data and NIR spectra, and cross-validation (leave-one-out) was used for checking prediction performances. The validation coefficient of determination (r2) between predicted densities by the NIR technique and measured values by SilviScan (X-ray data) was 0.83 with a root mean squared error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 105.18 kg/m3. Regarding microfibril angle, r2 and RMSECV were 0.77 and 5.36°, respectively. Finally, wood density and microfibril angle were successfully mapped at a high spatial resolution (156 µm) to facilitate the detection of annual growth ring features and evaluation of aspects of heterogeneous wood quality.

Anatomical properties of Hibiscus macrophyllus and its mature wood development

IAWA Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-485
Author(s):  
Efrida Basri ◽  
Ratih Damayanti ◽  
Atmawi Darwis ◽  
Saefudin ◽  
Imam Wahyudi
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Mature Wood ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wood Development ◽  
Anatomical Properties

Abstract The Hibiscus macrophyllus tree is widely planted in Indonesia especially on Java Island. It has several advantages to be developed commercially as a community or plantation forest compared to the famous introduced species Falcataria moluccana and Anthocephalus spp., including faster growth, higher wood density, and better stem morphology (straighter, more rounded, and lesser branches). However, information about the basic properties of this wood grown in plantations is limited. This study aimed to investigate the anatomical properties of H. macrophyllus and their variation at three ages (8, 12 and 16 years old), as well as to predict the mature wood development by using radial variation in fiber length, microfibril angle (MFA), and wood density from pith toward the bark as the indicators. The wood samples were obtained from a community forest area at Ciamis Regency, West Java Province. Furthermore, anatomical characteristics were examined through wood slides following the IAWA List, while fibre and vessel element dimensions were measured through macerated specimens prepared by modified Franklin’s method. The MFA was determined by X-Ray Diffraction, while wood density was measured in line with British Standard 373-57. The results showed that the anatomical structures were not influenced by tree age, except for wood porosity, and fibre and vessel element dimensions. The 16-year-old tree tended to be semi-ring-porous, the younger trees were diffuse-porous, while the fiber and vessel element length, as well as the diameter, were decreased. Meanwhile, the wall thickness was increased. The fibre length, MFA, and wood density were useful indicators for wood maturity that seemed to be developed at about 11 years of age.

Investigation of Microfibril Angle of Flax Fibers Using X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1001-1010
Author(s):  
Chunhong Wang ◽  
Ni Wang ◽  
Shuhan Liu ◽  
Lin-P’ing Choo-Simth ◽  
Hongxia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Flax Fibers ◽  
Scanning Electron

Application of X-ray diffraction to assess the microfibril angle of green and dry Eucalyptus grandis wood

Trees ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiara Conceição Marques de Souza ◽  
José Tarcísio Lima ◽  
Bruno Charles Dias Soares
Keyword(s):  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

scholarly journals Diversity of anatomical structure of tension wood among 242 tropical tree species

IAWA Journal ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Ghislain ◽  
Julien Engel ◽  
Bruno Clair
Keyword(s):  
Wood Density ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tension Wood ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Tropical Tree ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Tropical Tree Species

ABSTRACT Angiosperm trees produce tension wood to actively control their vertical position. Tension wood has often been characterised by the presence of an unlignified inner fibre wall layer called the G-layer. Using this definition, previous reports indicate that only one-third of all tree species have tension wood with G-layers. Here we aim to (i) describe the large diversity of tension wood anatomy in tropical tree species, taking advantage of the recent understanding of tension wood anatomy and (ii) explore any link between this diversity and other ecological traits of the species. We sampled tension wood and normal wood in 432 trees from 242 species in French Guiana. The samples were observed using safranin and astra blue staining combined with optical microscopy. Species were assigned to four anatomical groups depending on the presence/absence of G-layers, and their degree of lignification. The groups were analysed for functional traits including wood density and light preferences. Eighty-six% of the species had G-layers in their tension wood which was lignified in most species, with various patterns of lignification. Only a few species did not have G-layers. We found significantly more species with lignified G-layers among shade-tolerant and shade-demanding species as well as species with a high wood density. Our results bring up-to-date the incidence of species with/without G-layers in the tropical lowland forest where lignified G-layers are the most common anatomy of tension wood. Species without G-layers may share a common mechanism with the bark motor taking over the wood motor. We discuss the functional role of lignin in the G-layer.

APPLICATION OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO THE EXTRACTED WOOD OF A DIVERSE RANGE OF SPECIES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Jugo Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wood Chemistry ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Longitudinal Modulus

Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was applied to fifty-four species (59 samples in total) representing a diverse array of taxonomic affiliations, wood chemistry and physical properties. Acetone and ethanol were used to remove extractives from the wood samples used in this study. The extracted samples were characterized in terms of collapse-free density, microfibril angle and longitudinal modulus of elasticity (estimated using the collapse-free density and X-ray diffraction data obtained from Silvi- Scan-2). NIR spectra were obtained from the radial longitudinal face of each sample and used to generate calibrations for the measured physical properties. Extraction was found to improve the calibration statistics for all properties.

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